Thursday, September 3, 2020

Tom Regan’s Animal Rights, Human Wrongs

Basic entitlements, or the foundation and the possibility of them being legitimate, have become an undeniably fascinating contention for a long while. The theme appears to scrutinize the normal profound quality and morals of man, while at the same time addressing rehearses that target humanity’s wellbeing, extravagance, and now and again, endurance. In such a discussion, three articles come to mind.The discussing articles: â€Å"Cow VS Animal Rights†, â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, and â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist† all convey an extremely solid contention to the theme, yet making it very hard to touch off a strong arrangement around the subject, being that each article is detailed and exhaustive in contending their point. In â€Å"Animal Rights, Human Wrongs†, the possibility of basic entitlements is straightforwardly and altogether supported.Written by Tom Regan, the article presents a few instances of creature pitilessness in an apparently endeavor to place the peruser in an equal point of view of every creature in endeavor to make the peruser feel grieved or some type of compassion toward every casualty. Regan challenges the techniques for chasing, mechanical framing, and logical practices on creatures, and, utilizing his pity-the-casualty methodology, asks the acknowledgment of the privileges of creatures as a gathering that stands one next to the other with the people in issues relating legitimate rights.In Stephen Rose’s article â€Å"Proud to be a Speciesist†, this idea is repudiated straightforwardly. Stephen Rose gives a completely alternate point of view and thought on the matter of basic entitlements. In the article, Rose proposes a circumstance where the rights, if any exist whatsoever, of mosquitoes and different vermin are abused once they’re eliminated by human decision. This circumstance gives an equitable contention, being that such irritations are killed constantly, yet, on the off chance that they were ever to accomplish such rights, concerns scrutinizing their reality would emerge and put a confounded turn on the fundamentals of life itself.In â€Å"Cow VS Animal Rights Activist†, composed by Linda Hasselstrom, an alternate view is misused. The article holds an impartial point of view, being that the essayist clarifies the employments of creatures (principally bovines) however doesn't cease from educating the peruser regarding all the dairy animals suffers while under human use. All things being equal, Regan utilizes emotion while showing each animal’s end to persuade the peruser to have a similar view, or â€Å"ideal†, in the issues concerning creature rights.In every circumstance, he gives a casualty, depicting every one as honest and powerless, and afterward he gives the portrayal of their demise. He paints unimaginably distinctive photos of the circumstance by expounding on what might apparently be the last minutes every creature ex perienced before their passing. Rose, then again, utilizes a feeble type of inner selves in his composition. Contending exclusively from his situation as a scientist, Rose has diminish believability and the majority of his contentions are one-sided from the point of view of a researcher.This is made clear when he attempts to legitimize creature research by guaranteeing that it has brought about numerous remedies for sicknesses human experience today. Hasselstrom’s type of logos adds to her contention in an apparently corresponding manner. From her viewpoint, she basically expresses the upsides and downsides of farming and chasing, too reveal the difficulties looked by farmers that numerous activists appear to disregard. With these contentions at point, the issues of basic entitlements will stay a discussion as long as the ethics and morals of the basic man have an influence in its choice.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Hate Crime Laws: Are They Constitutional? Essay -- essays research pap

Are despise wrongdoing punishment implementation laws protected? â€Å"That’s Gay.† If you are around young people today, that is an expression you will in all probability hear all the time. It isn't really implied as a homophobic or detest filled comment, and more often than not it is alluding to an item, a thought, or a discussion; things that clearly have no sexual direction. In any case, presently, as per a bill passed by the senate, it could nearly be viewed as a detest wrongdoing. Numerous individuals bolster the enlarging of detest wrongdoing laws, accepting that with stricter punishments, the violations will diminish. In June, 2004, Senate passed a bill that got a record number of votes, passing 65-33, including 18 Republicans casting a ballot yes. The measure will include sexual direction, sex and incapacity to the rundown of intentions that accommodate upgraded government arraignment of a savage wrongdoing against an individual (Lochhead). The present abhor violations law, which began during the social liberties development of the 1960s when numerous Southern states neglected to indict ambushes on African Americans, incorporates wrongdoings propelled by disdain dependent on race, shading, religion, and national starting point. Many consider this to be a stage forward, however there are some who think it is unlawful. Strict gatherings contend that "It progresses the radical, all around pitched motivation of gay people to pick up acknowledgment for, and legitimate acknowledgment of, homosexuality as a typical lifestyle" (Toalston). So who’s right? Ought to there be a different classification for violations focused on minorities? Shouldn’t all wrongdoings be dealt with similarly as genuine as another? I accept that the arranging of wrongdoings into Hate Crimes is simply further isolating individuals due to their disparities, and that giving increasingly genuine consideration to violations carried out on minorities is sending an unfortunate message to the individuals who ar e in the dominant part.      First off, numerous individuals see abhor wrongdoing culprits as crazed neo-Nazis or "skinheads". In any case, most despise wrongdoings are completed by in any case honest residents who see minimal amiss with their activities. Liquor and medications now and then assistance fuel these violations, however the principle determinant gives off an impression of being close to home partiality. New FBI information shows that the quantity of abhor violations detailed in 2003 expanded somewhat, from 7,462 out of 2002 to 7,489 of every 2003. The 7,489 loathe wrongdoing episodes answered to the FBI in 2003 included 8,715 separate offense... ...will keep on accepting that the enlarging of the orders of loathe wrongdoings is only an approach to keep certain individuals glad and to cause them to feel safe, while it extremely just further isolates individuals who are seen as various. Ideally, at some point sooner rather than later, we will make sense of how to arrive at the Ku Klux Klan and other abhor gatherings of the world and keep them from hurting others. In any case, I can disclose to you at the present time, that won't be cultivated by passing any bills that incorporate the word â€Å"victim†, on the grounds that it substantiates itself that its past the point where it is possible to help. Catalog Lochhead, Carolyn - â€Å"Senate OKs bill including gays as detest wrongdoing victims† The San      Francisco Chronicle, June 16, 2004 Toalston, Art †â€Å"Baptist organization records '10 Reasons' to restrict abhor wrongdoings legislation† The Baptist Press, July 2 CivilRights.org - â€Å"New FBI Data Reports Increase in Hate Crimes† November 17, 2004 http://www.civilrights.org/issues/detest/details.cfm?id=26241 APA.org - Hate Crimes Today: An Age-Old Foe In Modern Dress      http://www.apa.org/pubinfo/detest/ www.fbi.gov †Uniform Crime Reports      http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm

Friday, August 21, 2020

The New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The New Deal - Essay Example 24). This period was additionally the beginning of complex social projects and flagged the more extensive acknowledgment of worker's guilds in the United States. The New Deal approach was activated by the underlying accident for the US financial exchange, which happened on October 24, 1929 followed by October 29 Dark Tuesday in which the securities exchange fell significantly more than it had the prior week. These occasions slung into an overall financial downturn (Chandler 1970). This financial downturn was showed in the US through a 4 percent to 25 percent expansion in joblessness frequency, close by decrease of assembling yield by roughly a third. Because of collapse of cash esteems, costs fell, making the reimbursement of obligations a lot harder. The drop in estimations of the mining, timber, and agribusiness ventures made these things drop also. The effect of the downturn was anyway not as serious in cubicle and administration segments. All through the country people, overlooked in the political way of thinking of the Government, look to us here for direction and for increasingly impartial chance to partake in the circulation of national riches I promise myself to another arrangement for the American individuals. This is in excess of a political battle. It is an invitation to battle. Roosevelt shaped the Mind Trust, a gathering of scholastic consultants whose development was planned for aiding his recuperation endeavors. Broad government intercession in the economy was looked for as opposed to permitting free enterprise to run its course (Chandler 1970). Some vocal traditionalist restriction assaults were looked by the New Deal, for example, the American Liberty League drove by democrats, especially the 1924 and 1928 presidential applicants John W. Davis and Al Smith. There was additionally an enormous gathering of New Deal adversaries called Old Right, drove by legislators, erudite people, essayists, and paper editors (Chandler 1970). This first New Deal of 1933 had objectives of transient recuperation programs dependent on the presumption that the central government headed by Roosevelt can take care of the budgetary issues. A portion of the approaches advanced and executed by the Roosevelt government are banking change laws, crisis help programs, farming projects, and work alleviation programs (Chandler 1970). Many composed liberal gatherings increased quite a bit of what they requested, aside from the Socialist Party, which was for all intents and purposes decimated. The First New Deal was depicted as a blend of self-inconsistency, trial, and sober mindedness (Chandler 1970). In the long run, the economy recouped structure the depressed spot of 1932, continuing the improving until 1937 when the Recession of 1937 recovered the 1934 degrees of joblessness. Financial specialists and antiquarians contested the idea of the New Deal being answerable for the monetary recuperation (Chandler 1970). The New Deal was evaluated by a few students of history and Barton Bernstein talked about the supposed 'traditionalist accomplishments' of liberal change because of its insufficiencies. Howard Zinn additionally gave significant accentuation, as far as possible, and preservationist positions yet fizzled, among others, in giving hypothetical structure to understanding the New Deal (Foner 1997, p. 143).

Sunday, June 7, 2020

Stop Buying Facebook Likes Why It’s a Bad Idea

I had to check myself to stop this article from turning into a rant on why legitimate businesses need to stop buying Facebook likes. I’ve worked on many Facebook pages in my time as a freelancer, and I get a flourish of questions form my clients relating to this. There are many reasons this is a bad idea and I’ll discuss them here, but first, it’s time for a short FAQ to make sure you’re up to speed (and to improve our search results, of course): Are Facebook Likes Important? Yes Is It Against the Rules to Buy Facebook Likes? Yes and no, mainly no. Are Paid Likes Really Genuine? Yes, but not in the way you think. Why Do My Facebook Likes Decrease? Because your page is being un-liked. How Do I Get More Facebook Likes? Read my guide on â€Å"How to Get Facebook Likes†. â€Å"Buy Facebook Likes Cheap† I hate this ad. I see it everywhere. In fact, as soon as I started writing this article I was interrupted by a Facebook notice to tell me that someone had tried to spam such a message on one of the pages I manage. It’s something you’ll see all over social media and even on Fiverr. It’s a nuisance and like all spam, it defies belief. There are many reasons you would want to â€Å"buy likes† of course, but the methods used by these spammers are counterproductive and will do more harm than good. In the above FAQ I linked to a guide on how to get more Facebook likes. In this guide I explain why buying likes is important, but why those paid likes need to come from Facebook themselves and not from a random spammer on Fiver. Buying Facebook Likes: How Paid Likes Work Everyone has to begin somewhere. The biggest pages began with zero likes. Businesses with millions of customers began with just a handful of them. In 2017, Facebook changed the way their pages were displayed so that the number of likes weren’t immediately visible to everyone landing on your page. But it’s still important for businesses to get a respectable number of likes. It’s a way of declaring, â€Å"Look at us. People like is. Really. It’s true.† For a business that has a product to sell, this is especially important. Many customers won’t trust a page with so few likes. For pages built off the back of communities and content websites, it’s more about respect than anything else. In either case, page owners are often tempted into getting likes via one of two methods, both of which are a waste of time. I know that because I was in the same position myself when I created my very first Facebook pages over 4 years ago. I made those mistakes, I wasted my time. Like Exchanges My â€Å"Like Exchange† came from a book community. It was created for first-time authors and self-published authors. At the time, I was just starting out. I hadn’t had the success that would come later and I was new to most forms of marketing. When I signed up, I noticed that one of the very first Facebook author pages to join the exchange was from an author known for producing best-selling toilet paper. I figured that if it worked for her, then why wouldn’t it work for me? These exchanges require you to add your page to a list and to then work your way through that list, opening each page that joined ahead of you and liking it. It’s like a pyramid scheme, and just as useless. The first problem is that you have to like from your personal page (likes from Facebook Pages don’t count), which means the few friends/family I had on my page were suddenly inundated with notifications regarding my apparent newfound passion for erotic literature. The second problem is that, like all pyramid schemes, the only people really benefiting are those at the top. And then you have the spam. Every like was followed by a copy-pasted message declaring, â€Å"I just liked your page, please do the same for me†. One of the pages I added to this exchange was still in operation three years later and I was still getting those messages every now and then. In fact, that’s what drove me to give up on it. By that point, the page had around 500 likes from fellow authors, none of which had ever interacted and none of which had helped to grow the page in anyway. And that leads me to the biggest problem: none of these likes were coming from people who actually wanted to discover new authors and read new books. They were coming from authors who had already liked 500+ other pages and so would probably never see anything you posted, let alone pay any attention to it. Buying Facebook Likes The other useless option requires a little less time and doesn’t cost a lot, but it gives you likes that are even more useless. You see ads offering to â€Å"Sell Facebook likes† everywhere. They show up in Facebook comments on popular posts. They are sent to your Facebook page as a post and as personal messages. They even show up on Twitter, because targeted advertising is really not a spammer’s forte. They promise to offer â€Å"Genuine† likes, and this is something that many prospective buyers have a hard time believing. But it’s true. They do come from â€Å"real’ accounts, which means, technically, they are â€Å"Genuine†. These likes are coming from people who are not in your demographic and don’t even speak the same language. They are cheap because they are useless. The vast majority of these likes will drop off after a few months, and none of them will pay any attention to the things that you post. It’s easy for other customers to see that you have basically opted for this cheap cop-out, and it messes up your Facebook demographics. You need these to see how people are interacting with your page, which in turn allows you to create more targeted ads. If you suddenly have an influx of people who have never heard of you or your product and don’t even speak the same language, that data becomes somewhat skewed. How to Get Genuine Likes The answer is simple: get your likes through Facebook. You can essentially use Facebook ads to pay for likes, and the likes you get are infinitely more useful. If you don’t have a lot to spend and only care about the number, then simply target cheaper areas like India (which costs a fraction of what it costs to advertise in the US and UK), and then make sure you target people who speak your language, are in your demographic and are interested in your product. If you do it right, you can get between 100 to 500 likes for just $10. That’s about the same as you would pay to purchase likes from a spammer. As with those likes, they will come form India. The difference is that these likes are from potential customers who will actually interact. There are other â€Å"cheap† areas as well. In South Africa, you can generally get high quality users for just $0.05 to $0.10 each, which is about a tenth of what you would pay for a user in the US, UK, Australia or Canada. You’re paying to get your page out there in the Facebook system and are being charged for every time a user clicks the â€Å"Like† button. So, even though you’re going through the official platform you’re still paying for likes. But at least you know where they are coming from and at least they actually benefit your business.

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Capitalism A Better Economic System For America Essay

Capitalism in American from 1860 into the Twenty-First Century; Recessions, Depressions, and Economic Booms Caren Chapman His 109 10/09/2015 The citizens of the United States of America experienced a plethora of economic rollercoasters throughout history. The minorities seemed to struggle the worst with racism and unemployment, but America was effected within every race, sex, and age group. Capitalism within our government has made several improvements throughout the years, but has also caused a fair share of problems. The United States has never witnessed a country ran by anything other than capitalism, yet our country has argued that communism could be a better economic system for America to run on. Capitalism allows our country freedom, and a government that owns production and sets the prices leads to a political control that extends to all areas and aspects of life. As goods are produced, capitalism ensures that these goods are the best and least expensive, which keeps business running. Opposed to communism, where everyone is considered â€Å"equal†, capitalism produces a system with a rippling effect-- which begins with the wealthier people. Another common argument is that the poor are mistreated, but with capitalism an individual’s gain is based on their own production. Rather than a rich or poor person being handed money to make them equal to the next person, people work and gain what they deserve. During the following research paper I will touch onShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Capitalism And Capitalism1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rise of Capitalism as a worldwide phenomenon Capitalism is one of the most commonly practiced economic systems in the world, and thus it is widely considered a global phenomenon. It is based upon the single objective of accumulating more and more wealth. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Aspects Of My Interview Style - 1130 Words

. Part one will discuss the aspects of my interview style. This will included how I felt about my performance and what I wished I have done differently. It also, will include the things that I believe I done my best when conducting the interviews with the client. What skills do you notice in your interview style? The skills that I noticed during my interview style was that I was an active and attentive listener. I believe that I let the client discuss her situation, while doing so I emphasized that I understood how hard it could be being a single parent. I believe I could have been a little more reflective but my client spoke a lot and I did not want to interrupt her. What did you notice about your verbal and non-verbal behavior?†¦show more content†¦My client may have saw me as someone to go and vent to about her current situation in life. Since I allowed the client to speak about anything that was concerning her, she had the freedom to do so. One of the problems presented from the client was that she wanted to become a better parent. Therefore, I informed the client about parenting classes. She stated that her son was acting out and disciplining him seemed to be ineffective. I gave her the options of going another route on how to discipline the child. I explained that there were different methods to use while disciplining her child, one was time out or taking away one of his toys. After the client visited the parenting classes, she said the classes went into detail about different methods on how to discipline a child. She tried out this new methods, by taking away his game, and to her surprise, this discipline method was effective. Ther efore, I believe my intervention was effective, because the client’s issue with her son acting out and her parenting skills, where addressed and she claimed she saw improvement. What did you do well and what did you wish you had done differently? The thing I did well was listening to the clients needs and allowing the client to determine her own self-determination. The client came up with some goals to accomplish during the visits with the social worker and she accomplished those goals. The thing I wish I would have done differently, was more involvement with the

The link Between People and Business Strategy

Question: comment below post and give some feedback regarding the post. 1) Technology has finally reached the stage whereby it's no longer possible to sustain a competitive advantage through product features or by pricing.So you focus on the peripheral features - aftersales service etc.This is known ascreating a competitive edge through people- orcreating value out of peopleCan you think of examples of other industries where this point can be illustrated? 2) Firms have over the years been faced with people resourcing challenges owing to the dynamics inherent in the business environment. In addition to the difficulties of creating the need for employee loyalty and retaining the required best hands, customers also tend to influence human resource management decisions invariably because virtually most businesses aim at customer satisfaction (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). Achieving adequate customer satisfaction is perceived differently across organizations be it in the production or service industry. The customer voice have become increasingly so powerful in recent times such that they determine the lifeline of a business in their demands for the provision of quality products and services (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). Because organizations aim to gain competitive advantage by being more customer-focused, it leaves a corresponding impact on the human resources (managers and employees) used to drive and achieve such organizational goals. It tends to require a high level of flexibility, proactivity, responsiveness and emotional labour management for all employees (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010), cascaded in such a way that it is in the best interests of top management to take care of line managers, who in turn ensure workers are aligned to these objectives. The demands of excellent customer service should be adequately managed such that workers do not feel overwhelmed, coerced and alienated or left emotionally drained especially when certain rules are developed and imposed on them (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2010). For example, workers may have official 40 work hours a week with the option of working from home; yet some line managers in the bid to achieve set targets imply that extra hours be put in and wi thin the workplace so as to be closer to the clients/customers. While some workers may enjoy the overtime payments or perceive this as a source of job satisfaction, others may feel burdened by such rules. As such, managers may be compelled to employ workers willing to 'work under pressure and with little supervision'; a phrase synonymous with the Nigerian work environment where I am based. Although not yet common, human resource managers may also make use of the firms customer satisfaction index and ratings during recruitment and selection of personnel (Luo and Homburg, 2007). Again, having to provide excellent customer service has progressively created a need for unique after-sales attractions especially for companies that produce similar products and services, causing them to adopt high performance work systems that include comprehensive recruitment methods, trainings, compensations, and appraisals designed to enhance employee participation and development (Chuang and Liao, 2010; Ullah and Yasmin, 2013). It is also important for managers to adopt HR practices that form the right organizational climate which will impact employees collective behaviors to attain exceptional performance standards that involves customer satisfaction (Chuang and Liao, 2010). These points to the strong link between internal customers (employees) and external customers satisfaction (Ullah and Yasmin, 2013) which from my experience strongly suggests that both have to be adequately compensated using suitable HR strategies in order to gain optimal organizational performance; a cruc ial task for HR managers and other line managers, given the constant changes experienced in the business environment.comment on above post and give some feedback regarding the post. 3) The competitive environment is a major driver to change in the world of work (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p. 7). Though, some organizations can survive delivering standard services and products within traditional hierarchical organizational structure, however, for most organizations changing environment compels to create competitive advantage, which results changing the nature of work. Increase in customer orientation and accordingly product differentiation and service support, demands changing the form of organization (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p.7)The success of organizational changes will depend on effectiveness of people management in new organizational environment (Cardy, R.L., Gove, S., DeMatteo, J, 2000, p.159) In order to be effective in organizational changes HRM need to adapt practices to changes within organization. Customer influence has HRM implications both on managers and employees. It may influence recruitment, redundancy or job restructuring activities.For example customer preferences, purchasing activities and customer purchasing capacity may influence managerial decision on increasing or reducing personnel. For example increasing of customer population may lead to managerial decision of increasing working stuff in the organization. In opposite case management and supervisors delayering can be decided.Employee implications may relate to changing the structure of job as well as recruitment and redundancy activities. For example customer increase may reflect working hours of employees. Increased consumer population may be a reason for increasing of employee work hours. It also may lead to increase of personnel in the organization. In its turn, customer decrease may be a reason for increasing part time employees and redundancy.No doubt customers have tremendous influence on organization. Their demand of good quality products and exceptional service give them a power to affect structure of organization, management decision and employee. Customer demands responsiveness and flexibility from employee in order to satisfy its needs, where managers need to be aware of consequences of the emotional labour employee provides. (Pilbeam, S and Corbridge, M., 2010, p.8)In general, organizations increase competitive advantage by becoming customer-focused, increasing responsiveness, focusing on quality and continuous improvement, introduction of new technology and operating losing cost flexibly. (Armstrong, M, 2006, p. 21). Answer: Feedback1. All organizations regardless of how small or large have three main critical resources which should be applied efficiently for the association to be thriving (Williams, 2002). These important resources are the technology which is applied to generate the product or service delivery; the investments the company applies to provide financial support for whatever it needs and the employee whose talents and skills are used to perform the task which is required. In this post the author has mentioned with few examples but with less illustration on the core matter (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). As a whole in a few sentences the author explained what is meant by forming an aggressive edge though public or forming the value beyond people. Feedback2. This post has systematically structured explanation on the workers resourcing challenges due to the dynamics intrinsic within the business environment (Egeland, Harmer and Stoddard, 2011). To illustrate this point the author has also focused on the customer voice that has become increasingly very powerful in current times in a way that they determine the sustenance of a business for the provision of quality services and products (Aligholi, 2014). The writer has also mentioned the reason behind the aim to obtain advantage by being more customer-centered, work under pressure along with little administration and ultimately focused on the strong link between external and internal customer satisfaction. Feedback3. The writer has constructively mentioned the altering patterns in the world of work. Work is an essential part of the human lives. It offers a sense of identity and purpose along with an income to meet up the material needs (Driver, 2009). Work is the chief way, depending on which people can relate to one another. The writer has mentioned that mostly organizations are compelled to generate competitive advantage within the altering environment that results altering the work nature. The author has also focused on the organizational success, human resource management and the influence of the customer on human resource management. The writer has illustrated the same with a simple example for better understanding of the readers. He has finally concluded that customers have strong influence on organizations (Mondy, Noe and Gowan, 2005). To meet the requirements of the customers, in terms of good quality product and services managers should be aware of the outcomes of the emotional labor wor ker provides. Ultimately, the author has nicely correlated different parameters in the context of increasing competitive advantage, customer focused services, increasing awareness, continuous quality improvement and thus introduction of innovative technology. References Aligholi, M. (2014). Investigation of Link between Customer Satisfaction and Customers Price Sensitivity.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Baron, A. and Armstrong, M. (2007).Human capital management. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Driver, M. (2009). From Loss to Lack: Stories of Organizational Change as Encounters with Failed Fantasies of Self, Work and Organization.Organization, 16(3), pp.353-369. Egeland, J., Harmer, A. and Stoddard, A. (2011).To stay and deliver. [New York, N.Y.?]: Policy Development and Studies Branch (PDSB), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Gowan, M. (2005).Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Williams, S. (2002). Strategic planning and organizational values: links to alignment.Human Resource Development International, 5(2), pp.217-233.