Those Silly Magazine Advice Essay Example for Free

Those Silly Magazine Advice EssayA man and his girlfriend were married. It was a large gathering. All of their friends and family came to witness the lovely solemnity and partake of the festivities and celebration. A few months later, the wife came to the husband with a proposal that they would read a magazine for couples, for their marriage to be strengthened.The next morning, they decided they would dish out each others listed annoyances. As the wife started reading her list, her husband was crying. When it was the mans turn, the wife was touched because he dont bedevil anything in his list.In life, there are enough times when we are disappointed, depressed and annoyed. We dont really save to go looking for them. We have a wonderful world that is full of beauty, light, and promise.ReferenceKong, Francis J. (2003). The Early Bird Catches the Worm but the Second Mouse Gets the discontinue Those Silly Magazine Advice. Philippines conquest Options Inc.In a major university a professor of economics gave a tst to his class. The test had several sections of motilitys, each of which contained three categories. He instructed the students to choose one question from each section. The first category in each section was worth 50 points. The second category was not quite as hard as worth 4 points. The third category, the easiest, was worth only 30 points.When the students had taken the test and turned in the papers, the students who had elect the hardest questions, or the 50-point questions, were given As. The students who had chosen the 40-point questions were given Bs, and those who chose the 30-point questions, or the easiest questions, were given Cs. Whether or not their answers were correct was not considered. The students were confused and asked the professor how he had graded the exam. The professor leaned rearward and with a smile explained, I wasnt testing your knowledge. I was testing your aim.ReferenceKong, Francis J. (2003). The Early Bird Catches the Worm but the Second Mouse Gets the Cheese Testing Your Aim. Philippines Success Options Inc.

Interview with the first gentleman Essay Example for Free

Interview with the first gentleman EssayMANILA -My news editor asked me to interview the husband of the highest formalized of the land, Mr. Miguel Mike Arroyo. On the day appointed, I was whisked in to the Malacanang palace, where after the formalities, i. e. , being frisked by presidential guards in combat fatigues, I was shown in to the Philippines equivalent of the watermelon-shaped Office. Mr. Arroyo rose to shake my hand. He was not tall, but im handsse, very fat, and had a bored air rough him. With him was an old man wearing glasses, who introduced himself as Jess Santos, a lawyer and the First Gentlemans spokesperson. The interview went on as followsQ I hear youve been busy these days, filing libel cases against some journalists. Jess Yes, that is correct. You know these newsprint guys, theyre a pain in the ass. Always noisy. But of course you cant help it. We live in a democracy, and the Philippines is the most representative in Asia. I hope youll agree. But when th ey attack the First Gentleman, using all kinds of defamatory imputation, using the media to spread these lies and calumniate and slur him so as to blemish his clean and untainted reputation, he has to fight back. And theres nothing wrong in using the courts to seek justice. (The First Gentleman nods gravely.)Q atomic number 18 there any truths to these so-called lies against the First Gentleman? Jess Oh, no None at all. This allegation about unexplained wealth, its absurd. It isnt wrong to be rich, you know. But the main point here, which you must not miss, and should be emphasized in your column or whatever, is that Mr. Arroyo is a gentleman. I mean, a gentleman in the real sense of the word. You go int see a gentleman everyday, do you? He is very dignified, punctilious of honor, the epitome of chivalry, gallantry, and respect. (The First Gentleman nods, dozing off. ) Q Is it consecutive he d ared the lawyer of a defendant to a fistfight in court?(The First Gentleman opens his e yes, looks at me, but says nothing. ) Jess Well, you know how it is with honorable men like the First Gentleman. They are very sensitive when their honor is brought to ridicule. And in order to preserve his honor and integrity, it is but normal for the First Gentleman to contradict in his defense by calling the offending party to a fight, which shows that the First Gentleman is not a pushover, nor is he a weakling, but a chivalrous man like the knights of old who were not afraid to do battle to defend their honor. Q I see. What about his rumored liaison with a pretty woman, allegedly his secretary?Jess (assuming a pained expression) Please, please, do not dignify such baseless, malicious accusations. The First Gentleman would never enter into an unchaste relationship with a woman other than his wife, the President, because a true gentleman will never entertain any immoral thought, much more an illicit affair with a woman. (The First Gentleman looks at the ceiling as if remembering something. ) Q According to a columnist, the First Gentleman stayed in a $20,000 suite at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas when he went there to watch the fight between your Manny Pacquiao and Erik Morales.Jess That is not true. I doubt if you can find such a dwell in Las Vegas. And even if he did, the expenses may have been paid by friends. You know the First Gentleman, he has friends from high places. Q Well, I admit I dont know him that much. And I notice he isnt saying anything. Can I interview him? Jess Oh, sure. Theres nothing to worry about him. He is the perfect gentleman. Q Well, sir, could you react to the accusation that you have a secret bank account in Germany? FG (unsmiling)Who told you that? Q Well, its on the papers, sir.Just trying to lease your reaction firsthand. FG Well, um, its a lot of shit, I mean, whoever wrote that article is an asshole, I mean, he must be an enemy of the state to say such matters. Why, I know, being the First Gentleman, that there are continui ng threats to our national security. Q I also hear this issue was brought up by a certain instance Cayetano who is now running for Senator. And this person has challenged you to issue a waiver so that he could prove whos copulation the truth. FG (scowling). The worthless scumbag Scoundrel Bloody fool aroundPardon me, but I cant help myself. You see, this person has been using his parliamentary immunity to attack me at every turn. Im sick of him. But I wont be dragged into this controversy. Q He also says you brought 50 million pesos in a helicopter in Mindanao to grease ones palms votes in the last election where your wife won as President. FG That is a lie Dont believe the goddam son of a gas Q And he has just issued a public statement that he is daring you to engage him in a debate at Plaza Miranda to show who is telling the truth. FG The nerve I will not stoop down to his level.If he wants, I challenge him to a fistfight (rolls up his sleeves). Q He also says you are crook a nd a liar and an adulterer. FG (roaring). He said that? Tell him to just wait. Tomorrow Ill file twenty counts of libel against him.I have cubic decimetre lawyers to work on that. Jess Now there, there, please dont piss excited. A gentleman is never riled up. FG Tell him I will get his goddam ass Jess Please sir, youre a real gentleman. FG I know that, I know. And Ill prove to the =* guy that Im a *%4 man of honor (end of interview).

Drivers Education for Students with Multiple Disabilities Essay Example for Free

Drivers Education for Students with Multiple Disabilities EssayStudents with four-fold disabilities are those who are experiencing more that one form of disability. Disability may be mental or physical or combination of both that hinders one from actioning various life activities. Such students require much cautiousness as they cannot fully do what is required of them with help from another person. Such students should be given helpful didactics that would enable them contribute to the economy. Drivers education for students with multiple disabilities is required for none of the curriculum has considered this during their planning and implementation. Research question The main purpose of the paper is to identify whether on that point is any need to have drivers education for the people with multiple disabilities to offer services in special schools and in public schools. Another aim of the research is to determine how this education would be offered and what type of disabi lity would benefit from the drivers education. How effective would this education be to the disabled. Justification of the researchStudents with multiple disabilities cannot perform a number of activities an able student can perform this justifies the research because there is a need to have to have the disabled contribute to the nation building and economy. Drivers education would be necessary for the multi disabled students for there are those who can drive effectively despite of the disability. Review of the bibliography The provided bibliography would help in providing a critical review for the research and will give decent literature as to whether this drivers education for students with multiple disability is needed and to what extent.Bibliography (Video)The Los Angeles Club of the Deaf Story. DeBee Communications, 6965 El Camino Real, Ste. 105, Carlsbad, CA 92009 Bowe, F. (1978)Handicapping America Barriers to disabled people, Harper Row, Disability and inveterate Disease Q uarterly, Department of Sociology, Brandeis University, Disability Grapevine Online Newsletter. http//www. disabilitygrapevine. com/ Disability Studies Online Magazine. http//www. disabilitystudies. com/index. htm Gary L. (2005)Encyclopedia of disability, SAGE Publ. , Gary L. et al. , eds. (2006) Encyclopedia of Disability.5 vols. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications Health Ethics, Policy and practice of law, Cornell ledger of Law and Public http//papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=950878 Johnstone, D. (2001) An Introduction to Disability Studies, , 2nd edition, Kaushik, R. (1999) Access Denied Can we overcome disabling attitudes , Museum International (UNESCO) , Vol. 51, No. 3, p. 48-52. Leonardi M Bickenback, J Ustin TB Kostanjsek N Chatterji S, and on behalf of the MHADIE Consortium (2006) The definition of disability what is in a name?, Lancet 368(9543) 1219-1221 Mitra S (2006) The Capability Approach and Disability Journal of Disability National centerfield on Di sability and Journalism.http//www. ncdj. org/links. html Paul T. (2005)Understanding Disability Inclusion, Access, Diversity, and Civil Rights. Westport, CT Greenwood Policy Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 236-247 Policy, 15(2) 403-482 http//papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=931703 Ruger JP (1998) Aristotelian Justice and Health Policy Capability and incompletely Theorized Agreements Harvard University, Ph.D. Thesis Ruger JP (2003) Health and Development Lancet, 362 (9385) 678 Ruger JP (2006) Health, Capability, and Justice Toward a New Paradigm of Ruger JP (2006) Measuring Disparities in Healthcare, British Medical Journal, 333274 http//papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm? abstract_id=934987 Ruger JP (2007) Rethinking Equal Access Agency, reference and Norms, Global Public Health, 2(1) 78-96 Sen AK (2002) Health perception versus observation British Medical Journal 324860-861Terzi L (2004) The Social Model of Disability A Philosophical recap, Journal of Applied Philosop hy, 21 (2) 141-157 Terzi L (2005) Beyond the Dilemma of Difference The capability approach on disability and special educational needs, Journal of Philosophy of Education, 39 (3) 443-459 Terzi L (2006) Beyond the Dilemma of Difference the capability approach to disability and special educational needs R. Cigman (ed. ) Included or Excluded? The quarrel of the Mainstream for some SEN Children. London Routledge

Evaluating Two Middle Range Theories Nursing Essay

Evaluating Two Middle Range Theories Nursing EssayThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate two spunk range theories abilities to test the archetype of ease for the send question Do neonatal nurses who fretfulness for decease infants who attend an end of livelihood c argon educational training program compared to neonatal nurses who do not attend the program run through a difference in babys dummy levels ( still Level for Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI)) when compassionate for a dying infant? A summary of two philia range theories the Comfort opening (Kolcaba, 1994) and the Theory of Self-Efficacy (Resnick, xxxx) will be summarized and then critiqued using Smith and Liehrs (xxxx) modeling for Evaluating Middle Range Theory. The discussion will conclude with a summary of strengths and weakness of the theories and a explore dead reckoning to reflect that reflects the more(prenominal) or less countenance theories idealual definitions and propositions.IntroductionBac kgroundDespite nurses as frontline care groundrs for dying diligents and their families many nurses have identified that they struggle with the responding adequately to the emotional devastation to parents and siblings when fondness for a newborn baby with an unresolved terminal condition (Frommet, 1991). With the advances in neonatal care and smell sustaining treatments, sick and very preterm infants do not often die in utero, at birth, or shortly after birth, but instead they often live much longer in a health care paradigm of cling to care and dignified decease. This relatively new emersion of the end of life-time model integrates a more holistic approach which considers a more comprehensive cod of the unhurrieds of necessity (emotional, spiritual, and medical) (Mallory, 2002 Mallory, 2003 WHO, 2002). With this paradigm shift, health care professionals are obligated to assess the adequacy of their own knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about death and dying. Multiple stud ies regarding nurses preparation for dealing with death and dying have consistently found that nurses that nurses do not feel educationally prepared to care for dying patients and insist that healthcare professionals should receive superfluous education on end of life care to bridge the deficit gap (Frommet, 1991 Robinson, 2004 White, Coyne, Patel, 2001 Beckstrand, Callister, Kirchhoff, 2006). These findings have led to a further observation that nurses caring for these tangled patients regularly experience moral distress from competing principles of their personal, collegial, organizational, and religious/spiritual ethics (Frommet, 1991).Practice ProblemTo help ease this moral distress an evidence ground end-of -life educational training program for neonatal intensive care whole nurses has been successfully implemented in several neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to increase the nurses hold dear level of caring for neonates and their families at the end of life (Bagbi, Roge rs, Gomez, McMahon, 2008). To determine if an evidence ground end of life educational program impacts nurses entertain levels in caring for dying infants and their families a question was developed using the population (P) intervention (I) compared to (C) essence (O) format (Newhouse, Dearhold, 1997). The following discussion will focus on this PICO question Do neonatal nurses who care for dying infants who attend an end of life care educational training program compared to neonatal nurses who do not attend the program experience a difference in simpleness levels (Comfort Level for Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI)) when caring for a dying infant? During the intervention a monthly 1 hour, neonatal end of life education program will be conducted over a 6 month period of time base on research about what nurses would like to know about caring for a dying infant (Robinson, 2004).For the purpose of this problem, comfort is specify as the ability of the NICU nurse(s) to show adequa te knowledge and skills in providing neonatal end of life care for dying babies and their families. For this problem comfort will be measured as a score on the ordinal scale of Comfort Level Caring for Dying Infants (CLCDI). The instrument consisting of 15 items, measured on a 5 point Likert type scale equates scores of 1=never 2=rarely 3=some generation 4=often, 5=always measures the level of comfort a NICU nurse has caring for dying infants as opposed to their perception toward pediatric or neonatal end of life care (Bagbi, Rogers, Gomez, and McMahon, 2008). In evaluating the score, the higher the reported score the greater level of comfort NICU nurses have in caring for dying babies.Testing the Concept of ComfortA portion of Kolbacas (1991) Theory of Comfort and Resnicks (2008) Theory of Self-Efficacy, two middle range theories, will be used to test the concept of comfort for providing an organizing organise. establish on previous studies about nurses comfort when caring for pat ients, propositions five and six of Kolbacas Theory of Comfort seem to be a promising fit for this problem (Kolbaca, 1991, Kolbaca, XXX). These propositions together with propose that patients, nurses, and other members of the healthcare team agree upon desirable and realistic health seeking demeanours (HSBs) and if raise comfort is achieved, patients, family members, and/or nurses are strengthened to take in HSBs, comfort is further enhanced (Kolbaca, 1991). However, comfort as defined abstractly in this case as knowledge and skill disregard or else be equated with a sense of competence or self- skill of the NICU nurse to care for a dying infant and their family. There are many examples in the care for belles-lettres linking self-efficacy to knowledge and skill (xxxx, xxxxx).) Self-efficacy, knowledge, and skills are also central to Banduras opening, which is the basis for Resnicks (xxxx) Self-Efficacy theory. Self-efficacy as expound in Resnicks (xxxx) Theory of Self-Ef ficacy for this context is described as the sagacity about the nurses ability to organize and execute a course of swear out required to attain designated types of performances. The theory states that perceived self-efficacy, defined as the individuals judgment of his or her capabilities to organize and execute courses of action, is a determinant of performance (Resnick, xxxx). Self-efficacy beliefs provide the foundation for homosexual motivation, healthy- beingness, and personal accomplishment (Resnick, xxxx). According to Resnick (XXXX) theory individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy for a special manner (caring for a dying infant) are more likely to attempt that behavior. There are many examples in the literature using the Theory of Self-Efficacy to support breast feeding education interventions (xxxxx, xxxxx). For these reasons, Resnicks Theory of Self-Efficacy (xxx) will be used to test the concept of nurses comfort or knowledge and skill (self-efficacy) in caring f or dying infants and their families. The purpose of the following discussion is to summarize, describe, analyze, and evaluate these theories using the manakin for the Evaluation of Middle Range Theories (Smith, 2008) and conclude with a synthesis and research hypothesis to reflect conceptual definitions and propositions of the theory with the crush fit.Theory Summaries Comfort and Self-EfficacyKolcabas Comfort TheoryThe Comfort Theory is a humanistic, holistic, patient need based nursing derived middle range theory (Kolbaca, xxxx). The concept of comfort has had a historic and consistent presence in nursing. In the early 1900s , comfort was considered to be a goal for both nursing and medicine, as it was conceptualized that comfort led to recovery (McIlveen Morse, 1995). Over time comfort has become an increasingly minor focus, at times reserved only for those patients for whom no further medical treatment options are available (McIlveen Morse, 1995).The term comfort is used as a noun (comforter), adjective (comforting), verb (to comfort), or adverb (comfort the patient) (xxx). It is also used as a negative (absence of discomfort), neutral (ease), or commanding (hope inspiring). Webster (1990) defines comfort as relief from distress to soothe in herb of grace or distress a person or thing that comforts a state of ease and quiet enjoyment free from nark anything that makes life easy and the lessening of misery or grief by calming or inspiring with hope. The origin of comfort is confortrare which means to strengthen greatly(Kolcaba, 1992). Based on the diversity of these terms comfort is a complex term. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). Over a period of years and revisions Kolcaba (1994) developed the comfort theory which continues to evolve and modify with changes as recent as 2007 (Figure 2).Kolcaba (1994, 2001, 2003) has defined comfort as the immediate state of being strengthened through having the human needs for relief, ease, and transcendence addressed in four contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental). The terms relief, ease, and transcendence are types of comfort that occur physically and mentally (Figure 2). The terms are defined based on definitions from medicine, theology, ergonomics, psychology, and nursing (Kolcaba Kolcaba, 1991). Relief is the state of having a discomfort mitigated or alleviated. Ease is the absence of specific discomforts. Transcendence is the ability to hop on above discomforts when they cannot be eradicated or avoided (e.g., the child feels confident about ambulation although (s)he knows it will exacerbate pain). Transcendence, as a type of comfort, accounts for its strengthening property and reminds nurses to never give up helpin g their children and family members feel comforted. Interventions for increasing transcendence can be targeted to improving the environment, increasing social support, or providing reassurance.The three types of comfort occur in four contexts of experience physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental. These contexts were derived from an extensive review of the nursing literature on holism (Kolcaba, 1992). When the three types of comfort are juxtaposed with the four contexts of experience, a 12-cell power grid is created, which is called a taxonomic structure (TS) (Figure 1) . Taken together, these cells represent all relevant aspects (defining attributes) of comfort for nursing and demonstrate the holistic nature of comfort as an grand goal of care. All comfort needs can be placed somewhere on the taxonomic structure, and the cells are not mutually exclusive. A experiment pediatric case study using the TS as a guide for a holistic comfort assessment is demonstrated below (see Figure 1).The concepts for the middle range for Comfort Theory include comfort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health-seeking behaviors, and institutional one (Kolcaba, 1994). All of these concepts are relative to patients, families, and nurses (Kolcaba, 2003 Kolcaba, Tilton, Drouin, 2006). There are eight propositions which link the above concepts together. All or parts of the Comfort Theory can be tested for research (Peterson Bredow, 2010).In the comfort theory, Kolcaba asserts that when healthcare needs of a patient are appropriately assessed and proper nursing interventions carried out to address those needs, taking into account variables intervening in the situation, the outcome is enhanced patient comfort over time (Kolcaba, 2007). Once comfort is enhanced, the patient is likely to increase health-seeking behaviors. These behaviors may be internal to the patient (eg, wound meliorate or improved oxygenation), external to th e patient (eg, active participation in rehabilitation exercises), or a peaceful death. Furthermore, Kolcaba asserted that when a patient experiences health-seeking behaviors, the integrity of the institution is subsequently increased because the increase in health-seeking behaviors will result in improved outcomes. Increased institutional integrity lends itself to the development and implementation of best practices and best policies southary to the positive outcomes experienced by patients (Kolcaba, 2007).To translate the concepts to practice the effectiveness of a holistic intervention can be targeted to the taxonomic structure for enhancing comfort in a specific patient, family, or nurse population over time. Holistic comfort is defined as the immediate experience of being strengthened through having the needs for relief, ease, and transcendence met in four contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental).The comfort theory has been operationalized i n many research settings with a variety of patient and target populations ranging from end of life care to the comfort of nurses (xxxx).Resnick Theory of Self-EfficacySelf efficacy is described as a way to organize an individuals judgment of his or her capability to execute a course of action. The Theory of Self-efficacy states that self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations are not only influenced by behavior, but also verbal encouragement, brooding thinking, physiologic sensations and role or self-modeling (Bandura, 1995).. Through self evaluation an individual judges their capability to perform and established self expectations which is visually depicted in the conceptual model (Appendix 2) (Resnick, 2008).Resnicks Theory of Self Efficacy is based on Banduras social cognitive theory and conceptualizes person-behavior-environment as triadic reciprocity the foundation for reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1977, 1986).Most of the research into self-efficacy beliefs among ol der adults has been quantitative and has consistently supported the influence of those beliefs on behavior. However, it has not been established how efficacy beliefs actually influence motivation in older adults, or what sources of efficacy-enhancing information help strengthen those beliefs.Kolcabas Comfort Theory Description, Analysis, and EvaluationTheory DescriptionHistorical context. The Comfort Theory is a humanistic, holistic, patient need based nursing derived middle range theory (Kolbaca, xxxx). The concept of comfort has had a historic and consistent presence in nursing. In the early 1900s , comfort was considered to be a goal for both nursing and medicine, as it was meand that comfort led to recovery (McIlveen Morse, 1995). Over time comfort has become an increasingly minor focus, at times reserved only for those patients for whom no further medical treatment options are available (McIlveen Morse, 1995).The term comfort is used as a noun (comforter), adjective (comfort ing), verb (to comfort), or adverb (comfort the patient) (xxx). It is also used as a negative (absence of discomfort), neutral (ease), or positive (hope inspiring). Webster (1990) defines comfort as relief from distress to soothe in sorrow or distress a person or thing that comforts a state of ease and quiet enjoyment free from worry anything that makes life easy and the lessening of misery or grief by calming or inspiring with hope. The origin of comfort is confortrare which means to strengthen greatly(Kolcaba, 1992). Based on the diversity of these terms comfort is a complex term. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). Over a period of years and revisions Kolcaba (1994) developed the comfort theory which continues to evolve and change with changes as recent as 200 7 (Figure 2).Structural Components.Assumptions. Kolcabas Theory of Comfort (1994) makes four rudimentary assumptions about reality. She assumes that humans beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli comfort is a desirable holistic state that is germane to the discipline of nursing human beings actively strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs, and that comfort is more than the absence of pain, anxiety, and other physical discomforts (Kolcaba , 2009).Concepts. Kolcaba defines six concepts of comfort which are relative to patients, families, and nurses (Table 1) . The term family, as defined by Kolcaba (2003) encompasses epoch-making others as determined by the patient (Kolcaba, 2003 Kolcaba, Tilton Drouin, 2006). The offset printing concept is of comfort needs which is the relief/ease/transcendence in physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural and environmental contexts of human experience. Comfort interventions in the model are defined as interventions of th e health care team specifically targeting comfort of the patient, family and nurses. Intervening variables are positive or negative factors over which the health care team has little control, including physical limitations of the hospital or patients home, cultural influences, socioeconomic factors, prognosis, concurrent medical or mental conditions. Health-seeking behaviors are those behaviors of patient, family or nurses (conscious or unconscious) which promote easy-being may be internal, external or towards promoting a peaceful death. The final concept, institutional integrity, added in close recently, are values, financial stability and wholeness of health care facilities at the local state or national levels.Propositions. To help test the concept of nurses comfort caring for dying infants, propositions five and six of Kolcabas comfort theory are examined. These propositions state that patients, nurses, and other members of the healthcare team agree upon desirable and realist ic health seeking behaviors (HSBs) (five) and if enhanced comfort is achieved, patients, family members, and/or nurses are strengthened to engage in HSBs, which further enhances comfort (six). These propositions provide rationale for why nurses and other health care professionals should focus on the patient, family, or in this case the nurses comfort beyond altruistic reasons. Because health seeking behaviors include internal and external behaviors nearly any health-related outcome important in a healthcare setting can be classified as a health seeking behavior (Peterson Bredow, 2010). The desirable and realistic health seeking behavior (HSB) for this study is nurses comfort (knowledge and skills) to relieve moral distress in caring for a dying infant and their family. Several studies support that moral and other types of distress are frequently observed in nurses who care for dying infants (Frommet, 1991) and most importantly indicate that nurses are seeking education regarding p atient end of life issues (XXXXX). It is believed that reducing this distress and frustration can be affected through an effective end of life educational programs and is likely to improve the knowledge and skills nurses need to help increase their comfort level in caring for dying infants (xxxxx).Functional Components. Visualizing the concepts in the conceptual model, theTheory Analysis and EvaluationTo analyze and evaluate Kolcabas Comfort Theory (1994) the substantive foundation, structural integrity, and functional adequacy of the theory using Smith and Liehrs (2008) Framework for the Evaluation of Middle Range Theories is discussed below (Appendix 1).Substantive foundations. Assessing the substantive foundation of a middle range theory is based on four criteria (Smith, 2003). The first bar evaluates whether the theory is within the focus of the discipline of nursing. Kolcabas comfort theory successfully addresses four concepts comprising the metaparadigm of nursing, defining t he concepts as they correspond to the theory (Dowd, 2002 Kolbaca, 2007) as surface as presents a diagram of how the Comfort Theory relates theoretically to other nursing concepts (Figure 2) (Kolcaba, 1994) . Nursing is described as the process of assessing the patients comfort needs, developing and implementing appropriate nursing interventions, and evaluating patient comfort following nursing interventions. Person is described as the recipient of nursing care the patient may be an individual, family, institution, or community. Environment is considered to be the external surroundings of the patient and can be manipulated to increase patient comfort. Finally, health is viewed as the optimum functioning of the patient as they define it. The ability of the framework to suggest interventions that help guide nursing interventions to increase comfort supports the discipline of nursing, and in doing so meeting the first criteria.The second criterion evaluates whether the assumptions are specified and congruent with the focus. The four assumptions in the Comfort Theory are explicitly stated and so meet the second criteria. Comfort theory (xxxx) assumes that humans beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli comfort is a desirable holistic state that is germane to the discipline of nursing human beings actively strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs, and that comfort is more than the absence of pain, anxiety, and other physical discomforts (Kolcaba , 2009).Because the Comfort Theory (XXXX) substantially describes the concept of comfort at the middle range level of discourse, the third criterion of the substantive foundation is met. Kolcabas (1991) concept analysis of comfort helped to clarify the role of comfort as a holistic concept for nursing. This review confirmed that comfort is a positive concept and is associated with activities that nurture and strengthen patients (David, 2002). The Comfort Theory provides an excellent description, ex planation, and explanation of the comfort concept in multiple domains and practice settings. Comfort theory is at the middle range level in that is defined in a measurable way and can be operationalized in both research and practice settings.The final criterion for this category evaluates if the origins are rooted in practice and research experience. The Comfort Theory has been used in numerous practice and research settings to provide a framework where patients have comfort needs and enhancing their comfort is valued. It has also been used to enhance working environments, especially for nurses, and most recently as a framework for working toward national institutional recognitions. More specifically parts are all of the theory have been used to test the effectiveness of holistic interventions for increasing comfort (xxxxxxx), to demonstrate the correlation between comfort and subsequent HSBs (xxxxx) and to relate HSBs to desirable institutional outcomes. It has also been used as a framework for helping families make difficult decisions about end of life (xxxxx). International and national healthcare institutions have also used Comfort Theory to enhance the work environment for nurses (xxxx). In these cases, nurses comfort is of interest and is theoretically related to the integrity of the institution. Summarize specific studies and tools used here.Structural integrity. There are four criterion for evaluating structural integrity. The first criterion is that the concepts are well defined. The concepts (defined above) of comfort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health-seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity are clearly defined and easy to understand. There are numerous examples of applying the concepts in the literature for further clarification (xxxxx).The second criterion of structural integrity is that concepts within the theory are at the middle range level of abstraction. The concepts of the Comfort Theory-comf ort needs, comfort interventions, intervening variables, enhanced comfort, health seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity are near the same level on the ladder of abstraction at the middle range level. They are more concrete because they can and have been operationalized and measured (xxxxx).The third criterion of structural integrity is that there are no more concepts than needed to explain the phenomena. Overall, the concepts adequately explain the phenomena of comfort. The theory is synthesized and organized in a simple manner. Lastly, the fourth criterion evaluates whether the concepts and relationships among the concepts are logically presented with a model. In the Comfort Theory (1994) model the ideas are integrated to create an understanding of the whole phenomenon of comfort in a model. The Comfort Theory (1994) model is a great example of presenting the concepts and statements in a linear logical order so the appreciation of the theory can be recognized (Smith, 2003) .Functional adequacy. Because the criterion for functional adequacy overlap somewhat the five criterion will be discussed collectively. The five criterion include theory can be employ to a variety of practice environments and clients empirical indicators have been identified published examples exist of research and theory in practice and that the theory has evolved through scholarly inquiry. The Comfort Theory easily meets all of these criterions. For example, the Comfort Theory has been used widely in a variety of research in practice settings and patient and family populations. Even though the Comfort Theory has been used most widely with patients and families at the end of life and surrounding holistic palliative care nursing interventions, there has been a broad application of the theory in other populations as well including mothers in labor (xxxx), Alzheimer patients (xxxx), pediatric intensive care unit patients and families (xxxx), patients on bedrest (xxxx), those undergoi ng radiation therapy (xxxx) and for infants comfort and pain (xxxx). Most recently research of using the theory in practice has expanded to support institutional nursing recognition and comfort in the nursing working environment. In each of the populations mentioned above a psychometric comfort instrument has been developed as empirical indicators of concepts in the theory. However, the empirical indicators extend beyond empiricism and some include perceptions, self reports, observable behaviors and biological indicators (Ford-Gibloe, Campbell, Berman, 1995 Reed, 1995). The Comfort Theory (1994) has also been revise with the latest revision in 2007. The empirical adequacy of the Comfort Theory is evidence of the maturity of this theory (Smith, 2003).SummaryThe Comfort Theory (1994) is a well defined and well tested theory. Its strength lies in the versatility, adaptability, and testability of the concepts. The comfort theory clearly defines the concepts in the theory and the relati onship between them. Because the comfort theory meets most of the substantitive foundations, structural integrity, and functional adequacy criteria the Comfort Theory (1994) is a strong middle range theory. An area that could increase the generalizability especially for nursing institutions is a change in the term in the model of nursing interventions to comfort interventions (xxxxx).Resnicks Self-Efficacy Theory Description, Analysis, and EvaluationTheory DescriptionHistorical context. Resnicks Theory of Self Efficacy is based on Banduras social cognitive theory and conceptualizes person-behavior-environment as triadic reciprocity the foundation for reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1977, 1986).The cognitive appraisal of these factors results in a perception of a level of confidence in the individuals ability to perform a certain behavior. The positive performance of this behavior reinforces self-efficacy expectations (Bandura, 1995).Structural Components. Although it is not explici tly stated, the core of this theory assumes that good deal can consciously change and develop or control their behavior. This is important to the proposition that self-efficacy also can be changed or enhanced through reflective thought, general knowledge, skills to perform a specific behavior, and self influence. This perspective is rooted in the model of triadic reciprocality (foundation for reciprocal determinism) in which personal determinants (self-efficacy), environmental conditions (treatment conditions) and action (practice) are mutually interactive influences. Therefore, improving performance depends on changing some of these influences (Bandura, 1977). In order to determine self-efficacy an individual must have the probability for self evaluation to evaluate how likely it is he or she can achieve a given level of performance.Concepts. The two major components of self efficacy include self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations (Table 2). Self-efficacy expectations are judgments about the personal ability to accomplish a given task. Outcome expectations are judgments about what will happen if a given task is accomplished. These two components are differentiated because individuals can believe a certain behavior will result in a specific outcome, however, they may not believe they are capable of performing the behavior required for the outcome to occur (Bandura 1977, 1986). For example, a NICU nurse may believe attending an end of life education series will increase his/her knowledge and skill and ease moral distress, but may not believe that they could provide sensitive care for some ethical, religious, or moral reason. It is generally anticipated, but not always realistic that self-efficacy will have a positive impact on behavior. There are times when self-efficacy will have no or a negative impact on performance (Vancouver, Thomspon, Williams, 2001). Bandura (1977, 1986, 1997) suggests that outcome expectations are based largely on the ind ividuals self-efficacy expectations, which generally depend on their judgment about how well they can perform the behavior can be disassociated with self-efficacy expectations and are partially separable from self-efficacy judgments when extrinsic outcomes are fixed. Because the outcomes an individual expects are the results of the judgments about what he or she can accomplish, they are unlikely to contribute to predictions of behavior (Bandura, 1977).Judgments about ones self-efficacy is based on four informational sources including enactive attainment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and physiological state. The first source, enactive attainment, or the actual performance of a behavior has been described as the most influential source of self-efficacy information (Bandura, 1986, Bandura Adams, 1977). There has been repeated empirical evidence that actually performing an activity strengthens self-efficacy beliefs due to informational sources (Bandura, 1995). The second sou rce, vicarious experience or visualizing other similar people perform a behavior, also influence self-efficacy (Bandura, Adams, Hardy, Howells, 1980). Conditions that impact vicarious experience include amount of flick or experience to the behavior (least experience causes greater impact) and amount of instruction given (influence of others is greater with unclear guidelines) (Resnick Galik, 2006). Another source verbal persuasion or exhortation involves telling an individual he or she has the capabilities to master the given behavior. Verbal encouragement from a trusted, credible source in counseling or education form has been used alone to strengthen efficacy expectations (Castro, King, Brassington, 2001 Hitunen et al. 2005 Moore et al., 2006 Resnick, Simpson, et al., 2006). The final information source physiological feedback or state during a behavior can be important in relation to coping with stressors, health functioning, and physical accomplishments. Interventions can be used to alter the interpretation of physiological feedback and help individuals mete out with physical sensations, enhancing self efficacy and resulting in improved performance (Bandura Adams, 1977).Propositions. To help test the concept of nurses comfort caring for dying infants,

Public Relations And Business Ethics Management Essay

Public Relations And Business Ethics Management EssayLiterally Public relations mean relations with unexclusives, e.g. customer, employees, investors, communities, media, suppliers, government, industry bodies, insistence groups, competitors etc. It is defined as the management of communication between an organization and its populaces (Grunig and Hunt 1984, p.6 McElreath 1996). PR is the discipline that looks after organizations reputation, restrains its normal chain of mountains and facilitates relations in order to gain understanding and support as strong as influence opinion and behavior (McElreath 1996, Ciprco.uk). It is the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its humanity (Cipr.co.uk).For an organisation, there are varying assists of public relations. The 4 main areas are first, market communication, by which PR is used as a promotional tool to help achieve marketing objectives. The in dorsement area is financial public relations, by which it testify information to business reporters. The third comes to product public relations, which aim to gain packaging for companys product and service and lastly, crisis public relations which concentrate on the responding to nix information. Other areas of PR pr modus operandiise include building rapport with investor and community, employee, media and government (Rubel, 2007). Thus it stack be seen that PR can complement advertising and marketing but it has its own identity as a professionPublic relations overly involve in assessing and supervising public attitudes as well as maintaining mutual understanding and relations between an organization and its public. To provides exposure to its audiences, public relations practitioners use third-party endorsement such as topics of public elicit which do not associate with direct payment (Seitel, 2007). Some wildly used PR tools include press releases, media kits, brochures, n ewsletters, annual reports and interactive complaisant media. ballpark PR activities include working with the media, speaking at conferences, crisis communication and employee communication.By responding to the stakeholders expectations and harmonizing their interests with the organization, PR pay heeds as an intermediary. Effective PR will help the organization to contract information and message to its public improve communication channels and ruin new ways to encourage two-way communication thus crafting its public image and public awareness in order to increase patronage of its product.Why has ethics become a central issue for PR field in recent years?The initiative that corporations should be honourable and neighborlyly responsible began in 1960s. It was a time that businesses were growing rapidly and internationally (Lantos, 2001). The danger associates with corporations un goodly pursuing profit and friendly power has heightened public awareness. In recent times, it h as also been seen that some of the most famous companies lost public confidence from the publicity because of their dishonourable behaviours. Examples include Shell contributed to environmental degradation Nike operated sweatshops in developing countries and the once top corporations such as Worldcom and Enron the collapse because of fault. Apart from destroying individual companys reputation, these scandals embossed questions of corporate credibility and shaken public confidence in the entire global business.Public relations, as a communications function, has a major procedure in disclosing the company financial and other exact information as well as the management of relationships between the organisation and its key stakeholders. Thus ethical dilemmas are especially common in Public practises because PR always need to handle highly sensitive and controversial matters. Besides, the complicated and different levels (interpersonal, organisational and societal) of relationships w hich PR always engaged with will often incur conflicting expectations and interests between different publics. Therefore it is sometimes quiet difficult for PR pros can act ethically and to get a balance between being an advocator of external and internal publics and at the same time, taking care of companys interests.However, it should be say that maintaining ethical standards and values is the key to the establishment of good relationships with clients, employees and media (Baskin Aronoff, 1992 88). Harlow emphasized the importance of ethical communication by highlighting that it is PR practitioners duty to administer public interest (Vithakamontri, 199119).The importance of ethics is associated with the positive relationship between good public relations and business success. Ethical and socially responsible companies are turn up to enjoy better relations with its public (Baker, 2004). Companies with ethical conduct might appear to succeed at first, but often it can be gear up that they suffer from poor public relations in a longer term. In 2002, WorldComm admitted falsifying its income statements and became the biggest bankrupt company ever. The scandal wave soon sweep away other corporate giants such as HealthSouth, Tyco and Auther Anderson and brought jail terms to many, even homemaking icon Martha Steward.On the other hand, many corporations create a critical source of competitive advantage-a climate of acceptance for the organisation by being ethical and engaging actively with CRS activities. Corporate social responsibility can serve as a way to strategically differentiate itself from the competitors. Like the Co-operative Group, Body Shop and American Apparel, they build customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values (Pieczka, 2001) and they do benefit from building a reputation for integrity. Besides, some of them do it by means of working with local communities to help educate children and develop skills for adults in Flower Valley, A frica. Starbuck and Marks and Spencer also actively help the African community by guaranteeing fair trade purchases. Another approach to corporate social responsibility is to incorporate the CSR strategy directly into the organizations business strategy. For examples, many business including KPMG, PG and Starbucks has policy to completely procure Fair Trade tea and coffee.As we can see, ethical public relations is key to the organizations success as good ethics is simply good business. So it is worth to examine ethic in a greater detail. Ethic is defined as a value system for making decisions about what is right or wrong. The organisations conduct is not only measured against their consciences but also against societal and professional norm, so organizations, with different nations, industries and organization cultures, contribute different standards. Ethical choices are rarely black and gaberdine but sometimes it means a higher standard than the law.In a business perspective, bu siness ethics and corporate governance refers to the system by which companies are controlled. Nowadays most companies have in-house codes of ethic and codes of social responsibility (Heath and Ryan, 1989). It has been begd that ethics is the duty to tell the truth. A study regarding ethical judgments concluded that careless(predicate) of peoples cultures and religions, honesty outweighed all other considerations.Honesty is particularly essential to the communication industry because dishonesty leads to lack of trust. When a PR practitioner is discovered say a half-truths, he will be resented. According to the PR professional codes of conduct, telling the truth underpins all other practices (Keller, 19831).Beside triple bottom line account (3Ps) is becoming commonplace. The 3 pillars, People, Planet and Profits capture a new criterion of measuring organizational success social, ecological and economical. Companies like Shell and McDonalds have issued Statements of Business Princ iples and Social Responsibility reports.To fulfill parliamentary procedures moral obligations, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is introduced. CSR policy is self-regulating mechanisms where businesses monitor and ensure it follow the law and ethical standards so business can embrace responsibility for the impact on the communities, environment and employees. Moreover, CSR-focused businesses would promote the iterest of the public by encouraging community development and abolishing practices which take a shit damage. So it is said that CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honouring of a triple bottom line (Heath Ryan, 1989).What role should public relations work on in improving levels of corporate social responsibility?There is a strong emphasis on the role Public relations play in imposeing social responsibility among leading practitioners. Social responsibility has become a major reason for an organization to have a pu blic relations function (Grunig and Hunt , 1984). Similarly, Harold Burson advocated that the public relations practitioners should provide qualitative evaluation of social trends, which helps developing policies and leading to a formal corporate response (Burson, 1974). Bernays also argue that, Public relations are the practice of social responsibility (Stone, 2005, p. 31).It has been pointed out that PR role is to serve not only their clients but the whole society at large (Kruckeberg and Starck, 1988). Social responsibility is understood as a concept of public relations, some scholars believe that with public relations, businesses can successfully implement social responsibility programmes. Thus PRs role of consciences in the decision-making is particularly important (Dennis, 1981).From the above review of related literature, it can be concluded that CRS obligation to serve the society applies to twain individual PR practitioners and the professions as a whole. The welfare of th e public should be taken into account when individual practitioner helps clients to solve problem. lag the associations of PR professionals should use their power collectively as moral agents for a better world (Clark, 2000).PR roles in improving the level of corporate social responsibility include the following. First PR need to improve the conduct of company by emphasizing the need for public approval. As a management function which looks after organizations reputation (McElreath 1996), to look for the company best interest, public relations practitioners should actively be engaged in the proposing and initiating of Corporate Social Responsibility. They should scrap for CRS implementation with management. Knowledgeable staff is an important as they play a significant role in counseling management and ensuring that CRS programs maintain high professional standards (Tilson and Vance, 1985). It has been argued as the publics expect organizations to take on a greater role in solving community problems they want to see businesses being ethical. PR professionals should go beyond advisory role and should regard themselves as the consciences of their organizations (Judds, 1989 Choi, 2005). It is true that the most important thing is how a company conduct itself and deal with its publics. Communications is second to that. It is very important for the company to truly embrace CRS. Merely publicizing them is not effective as it has to be backed by appropriate behaviour.Also, public relation should serve the public interests by making all points of view communicative in the public. When CRS become part of the organization management initiative, PR as a communication function between an organization and its publics (Grunig and Hunt 1984, p.6 McElreath 1996), it has an important role to align corporate organization behaviour with stakeholder expectations. It should be done through a process of identifying public interest and potential CSR issues, prioritizing them, an d closely monitoring their evolution, they can be managed-either by changing the companys behaviour or its stakeholders expectations, or both (Clark, 2002).Besides, Public relations should advance its professionalism by codifying and enforcing ethical conduct and standard of performance, serve our society by using mediation to replace misinformation and execute its social responsibility to promote human welfares.However, the practice of CSR is subject to much criticism. Critics argue that CSR is just a superficial window-dressing, they believe that companies like BP, British American tobacco plant and McDonalds are using CSR programs to distract the public from ethical questions incurred in their operations. These corporations maximize their profit through raising their reputation. Another example, Shell has a much-publicized CSR policy and was a pioneer in triple bottom line reporting, but this did not prevent the 2004 scandal concerning its misreporting of oil reserves.It is impo rtant to note that CRS is an aid to an organizations mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and will uphold to its consumers. Merely taking token gestures will only throw poor practice into sharper focus. Also, organization has to be flexible and see what legislators are up to and update the CSR programme in order to stay ahead as issues transmit with time and lastly CSR policies needs to be ensured that they are well implemented.It is believed that with well management, CSR can be an opportunity for a company to differentiate itself. Organizations can also benefit from the proliferation of annual list in major media.In a long run, managing relationships successfully required ethical conduct so effective public relations cannot be about deception and manipulations. Thus real public relations require honesty and a genuine concern for the needs and expectations of the public and it will build trust and credibility.

Spin Cycle :: essays research papers

SPIN CYCLE&9With so many diverse scandal to his credit and numerous ongoinginvestigations pending, President Clinton has been bombarded by the media in afashion not seen since the last days of the Nixon administration. Despite thisunwanted attention, Clinton has managed to keep an eye on lofty approval ratings andsuccessfully deflect even the most ardent attacks. How does he do it? Thisquestion is answered in full in Spin Cycle, a backroom look at how news iscreated and packaged in the blanched House and the methods used to distribute itto the public. In painting a detailed picture of the hand to hand combat knownas a press conference, Kurtz shows how the use of controlled leaks, meticulouslyworded briefs, and the outright avoidance of certain questions allows the WhiteHouse to control the scope and center of the stories that make it to the frontpage and the nightly network news. As Kurtz makes clear, the president andFirst Lady are convinced that the media are out to get them, eon the journalists covering the White House are constantly frustrated at the stonewalling and the lack of cooperation they encounter while trying to do their jobs. In the nerve centre is the White House press secretary Mike McCurry, a master at defusing volatile situations and walking the fine line with the press. Though less(prenominal) paranoid and cynical of the media than Clinton, he often finds himself on both ends of personal attacks and vendettas that veer far outside the arena of objective reporting. The anecdotes and carefully buried nurture that Kurtz has uncovered give this book a brisk pace, along with ample invaluable information that cuts to the core of this age of media overkill.&9Kurtz focuses mainly on White House response to scandal news in 1996and 1997, and he does not purport to cover most other aspects of the relationship between the president and the press. And deep down the narrow scope of his research, he had only fragmentary access to important informat ion. For legal and political reasons, white House aides were probably not abandoned to volunteer the whole truth. Whats more, the story is still unfolding. Though he adds nothing to what is known about recent happenings in the Oval Office, he does discombobulate light on a subject that remains of considerable importance the techniques used by the Clinton administration to shape the way it is portrayed in the press. It neer seriously takes up the issue that seems to lie at its core.

Diary Of Anne Frank :: essays research papers

The story Diary of Anne Frank was a very interesting deem which showed the ways a group of Jewish people during the 1940s went about trying to conceal their identity and themselves. This story was a true story taken from a diary of a young girl during the incident. This was made into a play during 1955. This was praised as Frances Goodrichs and her husband Albert Hacketts most famous work as it was performed.The play was started in November of 1945. As Mr. Frank began to read the diary, it flashed back to July 1942 in an attic in Amsterdam because this was where the people were hiding and represented the type of place that Jews all oer were living. The most important part of the play were the people who were acted out. They gave the play a sense of flavor and realism. Anne, a young German girl was particularly comical because of the scuffles she and everyone around her seemed to have. Annes Mother was a woman who was more traditional than anything else and wanted Anne to be more l ike a lady. One such person was Margot. As Annes sister, she was very nice and didnt speak out and was very proper. The Franks werent the only ones in this attic, there were other people such as the Van Daans. Mr. Frank permit them stay because they take a place to hide and since they had helped him out so much in the past by actually teaching Mr. Frank German, he felt it was the least he could do. The Van Daans had a son which Anne later became interested in. Peter was the only person who Anne could understand and knew that Anne could understand him. They could both spill the beans to each other freely when they were together. Dussel soon joined the group. He was only supposed to be up in the attic for a short time, however he ended up staying till the end. He had to leave his Dentistry to hide out from the Germans. These people would not of lasted too long without the help of Miep Gies and Mr. Kraler who gave them the necessities they needed to survive up in the attic for so l ong. All these people gave their own personality and views to add new dimensions to the play and make it more enjoyable.