Arthur Miller’s, A View From The Bridge Essay

Arthur millers A View From The Bridge is a great extend set in the tire d bear ara of Brooklyn, New York, a community of interests in flushed quirk, during the 1950s. It explores the shanks of skilfulice, unnatural love, codes of ordering and respect. The shimmer focuses on the jealousy the protagonist, Eddie Carb mavin, exerts towards his wifes illegally immigrated Italian cousins, Marco and Rodolpho, due to his passionate feelings for his own niece, Catherine, so ending with his life. The key events of the embolden are all very reasonable and typical in animadversion to the time it was written.The disastrous aftermath of World War Two and the Great Depression left passel with one dream the American dream. To escape their less economically developed country and lead a better life many travelled to America. Italians suffered most excruciatingly hence it is they who went through mass migration, but lead it a better life they did non. Confrontation with suspicious Ame ricans and intense hardship only mettle both(prenominal) their self-esteem and lead them to be more(prenominal) independent.In A View From The Bridge we witness how this boundary of time effected and shaped the behaviour of characters in the do work. Arthur miller uses Alfieri to be the play much easier to empathise and enjoyable for us, the interview. In this essay I am going to analyse how exactly this has been done. Arthur moth miller vigorously uses Alfieri in a number of ways. Alfieri is the narrator Alfieri plays a character and Alfieri is a good example of what some call a Greek Chorus. He is our narrator and plays the role of an Italian-American legal philosophyyer which makes us expect his lyric poem to be truthful.Alfieri also very effectively helps distinguish scenes, expand on characters and make the play more explicit, just as a Greek Chorus would do in old Greek tragedies. Doing this allows us to witness and follow up on the play, its themes and events. In Si cily, from where their fathers came, the justifiedlyfulness has non been a friendly conceit since the Greeks were beatenJustice is very important here Alfieris opening monologue, Act 1 he is the Greek Chorus. Alfieri gives us some reason in strivingation on Red Hook and its neighbourhood, allowing the interview to form an impression on the characters and their morals.Having experienceledge on the circumstances explored in the play, what with the illegal immigration, this line in the monologue can infer one of ii things the Italians in Red Hook cannot turn to the truth because they are illegal immigrants, or the Italians go out not turn to the law due their lack of trust as a result of their Italian customs. Either way, since turning to the law is never going to be the dissolving agent, the diaphanous way to gain justice is for the law to be taken into the peoples hands. Knowing this helps us, the sense of hearing, bring in why certain events take place later on in the play.We empathize Marco is an immigrant and therefore understand why he uses violence to enforce justice against Eddie for his actions. The theme of justice is introduced here. Eddie Carbones death at the end of the play came as no surprise to us all. Alfieri had already told us from the beginning that he sat there and watched it run its bloody coursethis ones name was Eddie Carbone. Eddie Carbone will die, but in no ordinary way he will be murdered which we can portend from Alfieri mentioning bloody course.Alfieri put great emphasis on the fact that the people of Red Hook take justice into their own hands in his opening monologue which, if we put two and two together, must mean that Eddies blood will be spilt for ones justice. This time Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to really hook, and keep us hooked, in the play. Us knowing that Eddie will be murdered in front it actually happens means that we, the auditory modality, know more than the characters. Throughout the play, no matter what turn of event takes place, we know that Eddies death is inevitable.This creates a very interesting and suspense atmosphere as we are vehement to find out how exactly each characters action leads up to the death how Eddies own actions may project a huge impact on Marco feeling compelled to end his life. The theme of unnatural love is also first made makeer to us through the use of Alfieri and his unveiling of Eddies true inner feeling for Catherine, although Eddie himself denies such possibility which is typical of longshoremen, or men generally, of the time expressing your emotions just wasnt a masculine thing to do.Alfieri claims that Eddie has too much love for the niece, which makes Eddies resentment towards Rodolpho comprehendible to us. Why Eddie opposed Catherines relationship with Rodolpho was at first quite inexplicit, with many of us assume it was just the possessiveness of an uncle, but Arthur Millers use of Alfieris, again as a Greek chorus, makes the play more understandable, and not only that, it also enhances the hammy factor of the play we know Eddie will die at the end of the play and are now interested to know how his feelings for Catherine will play a part in his tragic death.In Act 1 Alfieri and Eddie both highlight the codes of the society of Red Hook, made due to the mistrust in the law. Eddie outlines the consequences of snitching on the immigrants whilst Alfieri explains to us that the immigrants will take the law into their own hands. When Eddie is on the verge to call the immigration Bureau later in Act 2 Alfieri tells him he wont nurse a friend in the world, reminding Eddie and us that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against their codes of society.Here Alfieri, in spite of be a lawyer who should support the law, is trying to prevent Eddie from making a huge mistake. Alfieri is an American lawyer from an Italian background which is why he is certain that if Eddie goes along with his actions then he will have the society to closure to. We trust Alfieri, a lawyer to be a good judge of character and rational, because he is professionally detached. However, with Eddie he has a slight connection which he mentions in his opening monologue I had delineated his father in an accident case some years before, and I was acquainted with the family in a casual way.When Eddie did call the Immigration Bureau, Alfieri and the audience know that Eddies actions were against the codes of society and citizens of the time would not abide by the law, no, they will enforce their justice though violence. However despite being aware of this, Alfieri offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. To promise not to carry off is not black and Only God makes justice. This makes the play very much more dramatic because on one hand Alfieri goes against the law advising Eddie not to snitch, and on the other hand Alfieri goes against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie.This adds to the dramatics because we know that Alfieris attempts to prevent Eddies death will fail, he himself mentioned being powerless, so we continue to watch whether Marco listens to Alfieri or does go out to kill, sticking by his Italian customs. In addition, I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a mortals esprit de corps can be upon the law is not eternally correct and neither is a persons judgement of what is right and haywire.This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now uncertainty themselves whether the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. The portrayal of Eddie Carbone in the play is, without a doubt, negative. His unnatural feeling for Catherine, his horrible behaviour towards Rodolpho and his betrayal to the cousins forces us to dislike his character.However, to conclude the play, Arthur Miller decides to express Alfieris sympathy for Eddie to shape our final impression of him, leaving us confused as to whether Eddie was a heroic character or a villain. even as I know how wrong he was, and his death useless, I tremblesomething perversely pure calls to me from his memoryfor he allowed himself to be exclusively known and for that I think I will love him more then all my advised clients. Alfieri does not stop liking Eddie because he understands what he was like. He is suggesting to us that although we recognise Eddies actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we should delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did.His love for Catherine, while wrong, is pure, so should he have been punished by death? But maybe if he had listened to Alfieri and compromised with Catherine and Rodolphos relationship none of this would have happened. Alfieri had repeated many times, as well as in his closing monologue, that it is better to shape for half making compromises is best. This is the very meaningful message Arthur M iller portrays to us through Alfieri throughout the play. To conclude, I believe Alfieri, despite not taking much part in the action, has a very racy part in the play.He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the play, who has been distinctively used as a viewpoint of the story. Without him we would have been left clueless after watching the play as it is he who fills in all the gaps and answers all the unanswered questions lingering in our minds. He also raises suspense in the play like no other, enhancing our enjoyment.When Eddie is on the urge of calling the Immigration Bureau Alfieri, despite being a lawyer who should support the law, discourages Eddie from proceeding with the call. You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie flat those who understand will turn against you, even those who feel the same will despise you He reminds Eddie and the audience that the society will destroy him if he informs because he is going against the codes of society. Alfieri is knowledgeable on these codes of so opposes the law as he does not want Addie to make this mistake probably because he is becoming too attached to Eddies story as he offers a different opinion on the codes of society to Marco. To promise not to kill is not dishonourable and Only God makes justice.Both Alfieri and the audience know that Eddies act was against the codes of society and in the society of the time Eddie will be punished though violence as this is the only way Marco, an Italian immigrant, will obtain his justice, based on the fact that the Italians did not trust the law. But tho Alfieri went against the codes of society by telling Marco not to kill Eddie, whilst on the other hand he goes against the law advising Eddie not to inform.This make the play more dramatic because the audience know that Alfieris attempts to try and prevent Eddies death will not have worked, reinforcing that he is powerless, so they continue to see how Eddie dies. Also I think that Arthur Miller has decided to make one character go against the law and the other by the law to show that both the law and a persons morale can be wrong the law is not always correct and neither is a persons judgement of what is right and wrong.This too makes it dramatic as the audience can now question themselves whetehr the steps taken by each character was right or wrong. He doesnt stop liking Eddie, because he understands what he was like. He mourns Eddie, but with alarm, because he knows it will happen again. Alfieri is the voice of reason amongst great chaos, but chaos wins, probably because of the tense situation. I confess that something perversely pure calls to me from his memory. To what extent is it possible to feel sympathy for Eddie?Consider in your answer the part played by the Italian community in his behaviour. When Alfieri concludes his feelings at the end of the play, he is suggesting to the audience that although we recognize Eddies actions as immoral and wrong, perhaps we may still be able t o read with him. In order to answer this, we have to delve deeper into what provoked Eddie to commit the crimes he did, which ended at last in his own death. At the beginning of the play, Miller wants us to recognise just how good a man Eddie can be.With his Arthur Miller ends the play in a dramatic and thought provoking way. The audience question whether Eddie deserved to die or not. All Eddie had done is fallen in love, perhaps with the wrong person, but love is a pure emotion that cannot be controlled. Eddies feelings lead him to call the immigration Bureau but he was not in the right state of mind as he himself was confused about his feelings for Catherine co should he have been punished by death?Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to constrictive the play portraying a meaningful message, a phrase which he repeats many times And yet it is better to settle for half. Making compromises is best. Being greedy can be regretful so it is better to be happy with what youve got than risk your life for more. Although Alfiieri does not take much part in the action, he has a vital role in the play. He is the narrator, the lawyer and the mediator (he tries to keep the peace). He is, metaphorically speaking, the bridge in the title. He is separate from the main action so could be fix as looking down on it.He also links the Italian American community with America itself in terms of its laws which do not necessarily reflect traditional Italian views on justice. Significantly by the title A view from the bridge, this is indeed exactly the role of Alfieris character. Miller uses distinctively the character of Alfieri as a viewpoint of the story , something he does in a very elegant and dynamic way. In conclusion, Alfieris role within this play makes it entertaining, enjoyable and easier to understand for the audience.I believe that without Alfieri the play would not have binded well therefore the audience would not have had a good understanding. Its like having a building witho ut its foundation. Arthur Millers use of Alfieri managed to draw in the audiences attention, build up suspense at the beginning of the play, make it clear why certain events took place and why characters behave the way they do, so I think that without Alfieri, A View From The Bridge will be meaningless and confusing to watch.

Standing Tall: Japan’s Resilient Luxury Market

McKinsey Consumer and Shopper In visual sensations June 2012 Standing T completely(a) japans Resilient high life grocery store Brian Salsberg Naomi Yamakawa Photograph Abbie Chessler 2 In the immediate afterwardmath of the tsunami, earthquake and nuclear disaster that hit lacquer break favor fitting class, killing 19,000 people and battering the nations already shaky confidence, it was hardly strike that people didnt feel like shopping. At the time, the conventional wisdom was that such restraint was probably to sound.People would still subscribe to to shop for essentials, of course, just now the mart for things like high-fashion appargonl and prodigality handbags was surely circumscribe to suffer long-term dam date. Such idea made eminent sense except it didnt happen. 15 months on, todays prodigality commercialise looks a lot like the prodigality market that existed the day before the Great East Japan Earthquake, oftentimes as we anticipated in make it yrs r eport. 1 Our findings at the time were necessarily tentative, coming as they did less than three months after the disasters. straight off, we fag end assert this with often confidence. When asked if the disasters had changed their attitudes, for example, hardly a(prenominal)er than 20 pct of the 1,450 Nipponese consumers we inter pull ined were less en patternle in shopping for sumptuosity goods than they were before the disasters ( accedeation 1). The Cabinet Offices Consumer Confidence Survey report from may 15, 2012, shows that consumer confidence has risen powerfully since March 2011 (to 40. 3) and is back to up to levels last seen in 2010. More all(prenominal)where, in a small except recognizeing sample, when we asked 20 Japan-based lavishness company CEOs most their sales outlook, every wizard one said 2012 would be better than 2011, and almost three-quarters said that the disasters of 2011 had no effect (63 percent) or, counter-intuitively, had a collateral e ffect (10 percent) on company performance. S up to nowty percent of CEOs Exhibit 1 A vast volume of consumers still adopt strong interest in highlife Which best describes your own attitudes towards shopping for lavishness goods since the earthquake and tsunami on March 11?Percent prefering Somewhat less interested, or Less interested on a 5-point scale Less interested 20s n = 224 30s n = 497 40s n = 414 50s+ n = 323 4. 6 5. 8 10. 4 Somewhat less interested 7. 8 14. 6 22. 4 8. 2 12. 8 21. 0 12. 5 15. 7 28. 2 SOURCE McKinsey Japan opulence Consumer Survey 2012 were optimistic about the near future and the prospects for Japans prodigality market (Exhibit 2). Japans lavishness market rings up between $10-20 billion a year in sales (depending on how the market is defined).That figure is unlikely to experience more than, given Japans shrinking population, slow economic growth, and monetary value-conscious consumer attitudes. purely from a sales ratio perspective, Japans luxur y market pass on continue to reject in importance for most luxury manufacturers. A case in point is LVMH. Just volt years ago, Japan accounted for 13 percent of the Exhibit 2 Most executives we come aftered maintain an optimistic view of the future of Japans luxury market Which best represents your perspective on the mediumterm future of the luxury goods market in Japan?Percent n = 20 Somewhat pessimistic 30 35 Optimistic 35 Somewhat optimistic SOURCE 2012 opulence CEO survey 1. http//csi. mckinsey. com/Home/Knowledge_by_region/Asia/Japan/japanluxury. aspx 2. Cabinet Office of Japan, http//www. esri. cao. go. jp/en/stat/shouhi/shouhi-e. html 3 When it comes to watches, we see customers trading up to higher-end spots and higher-end products. Japan president, luxury watch manufacturer companys international gross. By 2011, the figure had dropped to 8 percent (and that mark an improvement from 2010).Compargon that performance with the rest of Asia, where the companys sale sh a tomic frame 18 rose from 17 percent to 27 percent over the same period. 3 And yet, such figures make it easy to lose sight of one simple reality Japan remains the worlds third-largest luxury market, after the US and chinaware. more(prenominal) high-end brands than cheaper brands. Not surprisingly, their come abouting on luxury is not as high as for early(a) age groups, but a higher percentage of them ar active in the luxury market (5 percent comp ard to 2. 3 percent of those age 50 and up).This cohort are more likely to be bequeathing to pay full scathe and are withal more likely to see owning luxury goods as something special. As for men, while they make up a minority of luxury shoppers in Japan, they have stayed more loyal to pricy brands. There are an estimated 3 million men under the age of 34 living alone in Japan. According to government data, fairish incomes for this group change magnitude by 7 percent Exhibit 3 in 2011, and their spending jumped by 13 percent. C ompare this to superstar women, whose spending grew less than 2 percent, and the average Japanese consumer, whose spending dropped. Young men, it seems, saw the March 11 disaster as a good reason to abide for the moment, and Japans luxury goods market appears to be a beneficiary. Finally, when we look at segmentation by income, Japanese who spend more than a million yen (about $12,000) a year on luxury goods are more than three quantify as likely to say they are switching to high-end brands than to low-end brands (Exhibit 3). Those who spend less than half as much are reporting the oppo set. What we learned Here are some of the most striking insights from McKinseys 2012 Luxury Consumer Survey ?Japan is a market of markets That is, some niches and segments are more promising than others. In terms of products, for example, highend Swiss watches, such as Rolex, Omega, Piaget, and TAG Heuer, have reportedly enjoyed signifi stick outt growth in the past tense year. 4 Why? Beca accus tom luxury consumers seek both emotional and functional benefits. A great watch, they believe, is the kind of item that appreciates in value and can be passed down to the beside generation. In terms of behavior, in that respect is opportunity on the sales floor.For reasons that range from a more stable economy to better upselling skills, consumers are trading up in some luxury categories, as yet as they trade down in others primarily apparel and similar categories with shorter shelf-lives and greater selections of alternatives. Demographically, younger consumers and men are chargey of particular attention. Twentysomethings are the notwithstanding group buying Big spenders appear to be trading up to higher-end brands Annual luxury spend (JPY) I am purchasing luxury goods . . . Less often More often to a higher place 1 mil (n = 48) 15 8 I have switched to buying . . More high-end Cheaper brands brands 6 21 0. 5-1 mil (n = 100) 16 5 9 14 Up to 0. 5 mil (n = 953) 22 4 15 5 SOURC E McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2012 Photograph Abbie Chessler 3. Wall Street Journal, February 21, 2012. 4. Nikkei Weekly, April 2, 2012. 5. Statistics dresser of Japan, Family Income and Expenditure Survey, first quarter, 2012. 4 ? Experience is increasingly valued The in-store experience is a key division in enjoying luxury, and it may be particularly important in Japan, whose customers are renowned for their high service of appendage standards.Asked what were the key elements that enhanced the buying experience, the top two answers Japanese consumers gave were 1) The staff was kind, and 2) The staff was knowledgeable. Responses were consistent crossways categories. Luxury executives tell us that for their best customers, the in-store experience and overall customer kinship are close to as important as product performance. Luxury brands, by definition, are about high quality and exclusivity providing an excellent customer experience helps to deliver something extr a, and those we spoke with are convinced that doing so is well worth the investing.One executive told us that his company, a luxury automaker, saw tremendous value in closely observe the daily customer relationship management activities of its sales team and using the information to coach staff, not only on closing a sale, but on upselling various options and features. The value of experience as well comes through in what consumers tell us they want. There is clear potential for luxury experiences to become the adjoining big thing. Asked their level of interest in various products, those 30 and up named luxury hotels above all others (it ame in second among those in their 20s). Spas and beauty services also scored highly (Exhibit 4). We also asked one of our favourite questions from previous surveys Imagine you won 300,000 yen (about $3,800) in a lottery today. How would you spend it? Except for those in their 20s, travel scored highest by a decisive margin (Exhibit 5). ? Di gital marketing in Japan has utmost to go Even the executives we spoke to incur holdd with this. More than twothirds of them admitted that luxury brands have been less successful Exhibit 4 n capturing the changing behavior of consumers, and just 15 percent called online sales a purposeful part of their business in Japan. At the same time, 90 percent said online marketing and publicity was somewhat or very important. A look at the demographics confirms that digital complacency would be a mistake for most luxury players. For one thing, women are more likely than men ar luxury-branded experiences the next big trend? Very interested Interested Think about the luxury brands you like most. When that brand is associated with the following product or service, what would be your level of interest?Percentage of those who are very interested and interested on a scale of 6 n = 1,458 Total Hotel Perfume Home textiles Cosmetics furniture Spa and other beauty service Home electronic products 13 10 9 10 8 9 8 26 20 21 19 19 17 17 30 30 29 27 26 25 39 20s 14 16 12 16 9 15 24 23 26 29 25 30 33 38 36 45 40 45 30s 14 11 10 12 9 10 27 21 22 20 20 23 24 32 32 32 29 33 41 40s 15 24 39 50s+ 9 5 6 26 19 19 25 25 35 10 15 25 10 18 29 10 14 23 9 15 24 9 12 21 11 18 29 5 16 21 3 20 4 10 14 22 23 9 15 24 7 17 3 19 SOURCE McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2012Exhibit 5 Overall, luxury shoppers show an change magnitude relish for travel Imagine you won 300,000 yen in a lottery today. How would you spend it? Aggregated average by age group n = 1,458 20s 100% = 244 Luxury goods 26 30s 224 27 40s 497 21 50s+ 414 21 467 22 410 26 257 27 323 22 Travel Hobbies Living expenses Savings Other 27 25 29 32 26 36 37 9 5 20 2 2011 38 12 6 21 2 2012 6 8 32 1 2011 7 7 33 1 2012 9 7 31 3 2011 9 7 30 1 2012 10 8 28 2 2011 11 6 22 4 2012 1 Includes slash goods/bags, shoes, watches/jewelry SOURCE McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2012 5 We see big tickets becoming even bigger. The level of cu stomization on luxury performance cars has hit a recent high this year this is where all the money is made. President, luxury car manufacturer to work digital means on their Consumer Decision journey6 this matters because women account for about 75 percent of luxury sales in Japan. For another, almost 16 percent of 20-somethings who had a smartphone or tablet had used it for their last luxury grease ones palms, compared to 5 percent for over-50s and a full 75 percent of younger consumers had used their device to check prices (Exhibit 6).Capturing the younger consumer is vital, given the looming deprave that is Japans relentlessly aging society. As established brands strive to ensure they remain relevant to Japans technologically-oriented young people, it is plausible, even likely, that a digital component will be primaeval to those efforts. Likewise social media cannot be ignored. A February 2012 Nikkei survey of Japanese smartphone users showed that about 80 percent of women in ther 20s and 30s, 80 percent of men in their 20s, and 60 percent of men in their 30s and 40s use social media. 7 ?Old-school rules by default Because the luxury experience is so important, it stands to reason that both sexes and all ages strongly prefer to do their high-end shopping in person. They still like it best of all in plane section stores (Exhibit 7). It would be a mistake, however, to conclude that the division store format is thriving. On the contrary while the rationalize flake of department stores in prime locations all but guarantees a large audience of shoppers, the threadbare format has yet to find its place in todays more dynamic, user-friendly retail landscape.What it all means Based on this research and our experience with many retail clients, we have identify several important implications. ? Own the interplay between digital and in-store touchpoints and embrace social media Just a few years ago, at one of McKinseys annual luxury leader dinners in Japan, t he consensus in the way of life was that social media and Exhibit 6 luxury were mutually exclusive. After all, the thinking went, social media is inclusive by definition, and luxury is exclusive.Today, companies like Burberry are demonstrating just how backward and self-defeating that thinking was. Burberry boasts 12 million Facebook followers, 800,000 chitter followers, and 12 million views on 250 different YouTube videos. In a statement accompanying Burberrys results over the sixmonth period to September 30, 2011, Angela Ahrendts, the CEO, Smart phones have become an important tool in bargain for process for younger consumers General public Do you own a smartphone or tablet PC? Did you use it for your last luxury purchase?Percent, n = 1,458 Shoppers who used a I used it on my last smartphone or tablet PC on I have smartphone/tablet PC luxury purchase last luxury purchase 20s n = 224 30s n = 497 40s n = 414 50s+ n = 323 12 68 36 53 26 46 20 27 Luxury purchases 23 16 22 12 17 8 1 9 5 SOURCE Impress R&D ? Smartphone/mobile use trend survey? , 2012 Luxury CEO dinner respondent survey Exhibit 7 surgical incision stores continue to play crucial role for the category, but three other channels are also strong Thinking about the past 12 months, what channels did you visit to buy luxury goods? three-fold answer) Department Fashion goods n = 296 Leather goods n = 294 Watch/jewelry n = 270 Shoes n = 236 76. 2 58. 1 64. 2 77. 0 Brand shop 35. 5 27. 0 34. 2 39. 2 17. 0 33. 0 Outlet 39. 7 39. 7 Duty Free Shop 35. 4 32. 3 28. 6 29. 7 SOURCE McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2012 6. The term Consumer Decision Journey refers to the progression from initial consideration, active evaluation, and moment of purchase to post-purchase experience and loyalty, first presented in the McKinsey Quarterly, The Consumer Decision Journey, June two hundred9. 7.Nikkei Shohi Watcher, The Smart order is Mainly Female (Suma-ju na hitobito shuuyaku wa josei), February 2012, p. 22. 6 at tributed the companys strong results to continued investment in innovative design, digital marketing, and retail strategies. Tiffany & Co. has also embraced digital media, with a highly regarded e-commerce site, Facebook presence, and even an iPad app showcasing its celebrated line of engagement rings. A key to succeeding in social media is to deliver the brand invention and heritage consistently crossways media while tailoring messages to the specific consumer segments that are using each media format.Its also important to understand the role each medium plays in the Consumer Decision Journey. For example, in cosmetics it can be easier to introduce cosmetic routines (e. g. , how and in what sequence to apply the product) in store, but consumers often seek out additional information and reviews online. For apparel and accessories, customers may go to the store to buy, since they want to be able to touch items and try them on. The initial introduction and attraction often happens international the store from storefronts, wordof-mouth, or magazines.Winners will be those who can excel at multichannel marketing and sales. ? Make the most of travel retail Japanese consumers love to travel up to 20 percent of all luxury consumers have shopped abroad in the past 24 months (Exhibit 8). This accounts for the crucial role of dutyfree shops, where a third of luxury consumers have shopped in the last year. Women are particularly prone to stopping by duty-free, with 36 percent of them buying there. As a result of international travel and the Internet, consumers today know what luxury goods cost both inside and outside Japan, and they ay be timing their shopping to take advantage. This is especially poignant for luxury manufacturers they need to recognize that the consumer relationship with any given brand crosses international borders. That fact has implications for after-sales service, and underscores the importance of maintaining consistency with the face of the b rand across both channels and geographies. For a number of years, we have been observing the emergence of global tribes, that is, groupings of consumers who have more in common with their counterparts in other geographies than with their fellow countrymen.Easy access to social media and cheap travel will only deepen this phenomenon. In response, luxury manufacturers will need to do much more than precisely accept that todays consumers are global they will need to make their brands even more so. ? Manage reduplicate imports Parallel imports identical products imported from a foreign country, then sold for much less cannot be prevented, but can be managed. Some brands are trying to restrict parallel imports by tracking serial numbers to determine where the imports are coming from, and decreasing Exhibit 8 argins for retailers who are caught. Others are putting limits on aftersales services available to parallel imports. Few companies have elect to move to one global, exchangeadjus ted recommended retail price, though that may become a more standard approach. ? cut through customization and made-to-order luxury Building off a trend popularized by other consumer-goods companies, such as Adidas and Nike in sports footwear, luxury auto manufacturers, and luxury handbag and accessory players are embracing customization.This is consistent with a broader consumer trend in developed markets (the My generation) where niche is replacing mass in many areas and consumers have large used to customizing everything from their playlists to their iPhone covers. Luxury has always been synonymous with exclusivity, but with so many stores and so many radical channels to buy from, we have begun to see a commoditization of exclusivity. In a sense, then, customization is the ultimate in exclusivity. For example, Louis Vuitton of late launched a service in Japan that allows customers to select the lash and then design uniqueJapanese consumers continue to purchase luxury items a broad 2012 2011 2010 Which of the following places did you make a luxury purchase in last 2 years? Percent of respondents who bought luxury goods in category abroad within last 24 months quadruplex answer 2012 Top 5 Hawaii Korea Europe North America (excluding Hawaii) Hong Kong/Macau SOURCE McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2011/2012 14 10 12 14 17 17 18 22 21 22 22 25 27 32 19 7 We continue to be concerned about the relevance and impact of department stores. We cant stop experimenting with new concepts. Japan president, global luxury accessory and apparel player products. Some luxury carmakers tell us their strong revenue growth in Japan has come not because they are selling more cars, but because buyers are loading up on various bells and whistles to create their own personalized, ideal vehicle. Of course, customization comes at a cost to luxury manufacturers, adding complexities to the supply chain and beyond. It must be reserved primarily for truly high-end products. the nu mber of car-sharers has increased 10-fold, to 170,000, and revenues ould surge to $550 million by 2016, according to estimates from Frost & Sullivan. 9 This shift to value is real and enduring. So, we believe, is the vehemence on discretion. In the wake of the earthquake, the percentage of those who said that showing off luxury goods was in noisome taste rose sharply, from 24 percent to 49 percent this year, it was 51 percent. The quest for value and a desire to avoid the appearance of conspicious consumption are not necessarily antithetical to an appreciation of luxury. These attitudes can co-exist.In fact, that precisely describes the state of the Japanese market Consumers are ready, willing, and sometimes eager to buy. But they are doing so with rigorous deliberation. Exhibit 9 Brian Salsberg is a principal in McKinseys Tokyo office and a leader of the Consumer & Shopper Insights center in Asia. Naomi Yamakawa is a marketing expert in Tokyo. The authors wish to thank Georges De svaux, Todd Guild, Ryu Iwase, Euljeong Moon, Yuka Morita, and Kohei Sakata for their help. Conclusions moreover a little more than a year after the worst crisis to hit Japan since dry land War II, the Japanese luxury market is stable.Ultimately, it comes down to this despite deflation and disaster, Japanese consumers continue to want luxury goods and to buy them at a good clip. But and this has been true since the financial crisis hit in 2008 they are more cautious about price and more demanding. They do not just want an expensive product to look great and to work beautifully, but to satisfy other needs, whether emotional or even social. Half of luxury car buyers, for instance, say that eco-friendliness is important to them (Exhibit 9). The quest for value, in all its forms, is becoming indication up and down the retail chain.As we argued in the McKinsey Quarterly in 2010, many consumers have diverted a chunk of their spending away from high-priced prestige. 8 Wal-Mart, Amazon, Costco, Ikea, Daiso, Uniqlo, private-label foods, and the low- to middle-end specialty apparel players are all doing conspicuously well. Then there is carsharing short-term rentals by the hour. This service barely existed in 2009 (revenues were about $17 million). Today it has become positively mainstream. With many Japanese deterred by the high price of owning and maintaining a car,Photograph Abbie Chessler What do luxury consumers think of luxury automobiles? 2012 2011 Regarding luxury cars, do you agree/disagree to the below statements? Percent who answered strongly agree and agree within 6 scale n = 1,458 Luxury cars have characteristics that justify the premium price 20s 30s 40s 50s+ 31 37 33 30 35 33 41 39 9 12 11 11 10 Its worth the money to buy a luxury car for the superior driving experience 13 13 12 Being eco-friendly is as important for luxury cars as design or driving experience 51 47 48 50 56 52 52 44SOURCE McKinsey Japan Luxury Consumer Survey 2012 About the Japan Luxury Consumer Survey McKinsey conducted this national online survey of 1,450 consumers in April and May 2012, for the foursometh year in a row. Focusing on four categories (fashion, leather goods, shoes, and watches/jewelry), we interviewed 250 to 300 luxury consumers (defined as those who have purchased any one of 174 brands in the last two years). We also spoke to 350 lapsed luxury buyers. Two-thirds of the respondents were female. 8. McKinsey Quarterly, The new Japanese consumer, March 2010. ttps//www. mckinseyquarterly. com/The_new_Japanese_consumer_2548 9. Frost & Sullivan, Strategic Analysis of the Car-Sharing commercialize in Japan, July 2011 8 What McKinseys Consumer and Shopper Insights portal has to offer Where do more than 15,000 executives get their daily point of consumer insights? csi. mckinsey. com. Sign up now. Its free. ? ? ? ? ? How are Chinas hypermarkets different from Western ones? (One clue those live chickens in the food aisle. ) How is the digital consum er changing? (In six major ways. ) How are Mexican consumers feeling? (Not great. Are global luxury shoppers cutting back? (Not so much. ) Is Poland promising territory for online retailers? (Yes. ) The 21st century has already seen the unimaginable and the improbable. But here is one certainty The world is about to see the biggest increase in consumption in history. Learn all about itand be part of the conversationat csi. mckinsey. com. These are just a few of the questions asked and answered on csi. mckinsey. com. As a global consultancy, McKinsey has the resources, and the desire, to explore the ever-changing, ever-elusive global consumer.To take just one example, we have spoken with more than 60,000 Chinese shoppers to discern what they are thinking, buyingand thinking about buying. Heres another example Since August 2008, McKinsey has interviewed a representative sample of Americans every six months to track their attitudes and spending. How do the worlds digital consumers spen d their online time? We can tell you that, too. While csi. mckinsey. com is a rich forum for McKinseys work, we also spotlight the best of others, not only on the site, but on our Facebook and Twitter accounts (mckinsey_csi).By combining the best of McKinsey and the best of the rest, we add something new to the site almost every day. We believe this makes csi. mckinsey. com the go-to place for those who need the freshest, smartest thinking on why consumers do what they do. Whats next? We want to get our users more involved wed also like to diversify how we present our materials. So we hope you will join us as we continue to improve csi. mckinsey. com. Just chat the sign-up button on the top right of the site, or email us at emailprotected com. Well send you notices of whats new about twice a month. ttp//csi. mckinsey. com 9 McKinsey Consumer and Shopper Insights You can dowload McKinseys previous luxury reports at http//csi. mckinsey. com July 2010 McKinsey Asia Consumer and Retail McKinsey Asia Consumer and Retail Luxury goods in Japan Momentary sigh or long goodbye? How luxury companies can succeed in a changing market Japans luxury consumer Detecting a pulse? Special spread abroad McKinsey & Company Japan Luxury Goods Survey 2010 Brian Salsberg Naomi Yamakawa Luxury goods in Japan Momentary sign or long sayonara? (June 2009) Japans luxury consumer Detecting a pulse? (June 2010) June 2011Consumer and Shopper Insights August 2011 August 2010 CSI Insights Flash June 2010 McKinsey Consumer and Shopper Insights McKinsey Consumer & Shopper Insights Koreas luxury market Demanding consumers, but room to grow McKinsey Asia Consumer and Shopper Insights No seismic shift for luxury in postquake Japan Special chronicle Japan Luxury Goods Survey 2011 judgement Chinas Growing Love for Luxury By Aimee Kim and Martine Shin Key themes from the 2011 McKinsey Korea Luxury Consumer Survey Every year since 2006, sales of luxury goods in confederation Korea have risen at l east 12%1, to an estimated $4. billion in 2010. In the first four months of 2011, sales at department stores were up more than 30% compared to 2010. 2 This continues an established trend, as last years report on the market showed (see report at csi. mckinsey. com Living it up in luxury. ) Still, insiders are asking whether it can last. For one thing, according to McKinseys survey, the percentage of household income that luxury consumers spend on luxury is already higher in South Korea (5%), than in Japan (4%)3and the Japanese luxury market has been stagnant in recent years.Moreover, the performances of famous brands in Korea have been mixed. For example, LVMH and Ferragamo continued to do well, but others, like Gucci Group and Dior, saw sales drop in real terms in 2010. 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thus, while the headline news is that the luxury market is still growing strongly, uncertainty is also mounting. In this years report, McKinsey addresses these concerns, which come in the form of three key questions Can South Korea keep it up? Whats changing?And what do these trends mean for the players in the luxury industry? To answer these questions, for the second year in a row, McKinsey surveyed 1,000 Koreans who had purchased at least 1 million Korean won ($930) in luxury goods in the previous year across four categories fashion apparel, leather goods, shoes, and watches/jewelry. Among the respondents were 200 heavy purchasersthose who had spent at least 10 million Korean won ($9,300). We also interviewed 24 senior executives of luxury-goods companies. Heres what we found. 5Lets go with the proposition that not all consumers are created equal to a startling degree, it is mainly the heavy purchasers who are keeping the Korean luxury market rolling with such force. For example, Lotte department store estimated that the number of Most Valuable Customersthose who spend 15 million won ($14,000) or more a yearrose 14. 4% in 2010, compared to 9. 2% for other kinds of luxury consum ers. The number of VIP customers at Shinsegae department store those who spend more than 8 million won ($7,400) grew 35%, compared to 12% for other consumers. 6 Shopping at the high end also appears to be habit-forming.McKinsey found that heavy purchasers are much more likely to say that they enjoy their goodies as much as I always have vs. non-heavy customers (33% to 12%). This difference in attitude was reflected in their actual spending The big-spenders indicated that they had spent more on all four luxury categories in the previous 12 months. Non-heavy buyers were pickier While they spent more on watches and leather, they spent less on South Korea Living it up in luxury Special Report 2010 Luxury Goods Survey McKinsey & Company South Korea Brian Salsberg Naomi Yamakawa 1. Can South Korea keep it up?Yes. A number of trends, small and large, are creating a model of sustainable growth for the next three to five years. McKinsey Insights China Euromonitor Ministry of Knowledge Econom y McKinsey analysis Financial Supervisory Service The report surveyed at least 200 luxury consumers for each product category luxury consumers were screened based on purchase history of select luxury brands (ranging from affordable masstige brands to super premium brands) and included 85 luxury fashion apparel brands, 57 luxury leather goods and shoes brands, and 47 luxury watch/jewelry brands.Asia Economy, VIP customers have increased at department stores, August 28, 2010 No seismic shift for luxury in post-quake Japan (June 2011) Understanding Chinas growing love for luxury (March 2011) Koreas luxury market Demanding consumers,but room to grow (August 2011) South Korea Living it up in luxury (August 2010)

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